Cara Anthony, Author at ��ϳԹ�� News

Can I Opt Out of Having My Doctor Take Notes With AI?

Katherine Ruppelt, Nashville Public Radio — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: AI scribes are changing medical care. Here’s what to know if the technology shows up at your next doctor’s appointment.

Family physician Eric Boose has been using an artificial intelligence tool to get back to what he calls “old-fashioned medicine” — talking with patients face-to-face, without having to type into a computer at the same time.

“I can really just sit there and engage and just focus on them and listen,” said Boose, who .

Roughly two years ago, he started using an AI notetaker app during patient visits. The tool listens while he talks with patients and then automatically generates a visit summary based on the conversation. The summary is usually ready within seconds after the appointment ends.

“It’s taking care of all that tedious work of charting and taking notes during the visit,” he said. “It’s just freeing up a lot more time to get that done, and I can get home to my family earlier.”

Nearly a third of physician practices are using AI scribes and others are working to add the tool, in an effort to cut down on administrative work.

If your practitioner suggests using an AI scribe at your next appointment, here are three things to keep in mind:

1. Clinicians should ask for your permission.

At the start of an appointment, your doctor might ask something like, “Are you OK if I use an AI scribe to help me take notes during this appointment?” A common practice is to accept verbal, not written, consent from patients before turning the tool on. However, the legal requirements for getting permission to record a patient conversation vary by state.

Boose said you can ask to pause the AI scribe at any point, especially to discuss something sensitive. And if you decline altogether, your practitioner will likely return to taking manual notes on a computer.

2. AI scribes make mistakes too, so check their work.

Like other AI tools, medical scribes can “hallucinate,” or spontaneously add errors into a record. AI scribes can also omit important information or miss context clues within a conversation.

Clinicians are supposed to review and edit the AI-generated visit summaries before adding them to a patient’s record. As a patient, it’s a good practice to carefully review your visit summary and contact your health provider if you notice errors.

3. Yes, the AI company could use your data, with limitations.

Companies and health systems that offer AI scribe tools have access to medical data and are subject to federal standards about how they use and store patient data, under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, more commonly known as HIPAA.

They may use data from your appointment to help improve their software without informing you, said Darius Tahir, who reports on health technology for ��ϳԹ�� News. “ If information is ‘de-identified,’ which can mean stripping it of identifiers [and] making sure it’s not personally traceable back to people, then it is more free to be used in more ways,” he said. “There are way fewer regulatory requirements.”

If you want to know how your data is being used, ask either your practitioner or medical system for more information. But you might not get a clear answer, Tahir said.

People and Policy

The U.S. health care system will likely continue to integrate AI technology into patient care. The Trump administration strongly supports the development and use of AI, especially in health care. In early 2025, President Donald Trump issued reducing existing regulations on AI to help the U.S. “retain global leadership of artificial intelligence.” In December, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services released an stating that the department supports “integrating AI to modernize care and public health infrastructure to improve health at the individual and population levels.”

Emily Siner at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

HealthQ is a health series from reporters Cara Anthony and Blake Farmer, approachable guides to an unapproachable health care system. It’s a collaboration between Nashville Public Radio and ��ϳԹ�� News.

��ϳԹ�� News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about .

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Taking a GLP-1? Doctors Say Not To Forget About Movement and Mental Health

Emily Siner, Nashville Public Radio — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Taking a GLP-1? Doctors say don’t forget to move your body and tend to your mental health, too.

Severe ankle pain drove Jelon Smart to start taking a weight loss injection a year and a half ago.

Smart was 285 pounds and worked as a caterer in Savannah, Georgia. After she’d been standing on her feet for long hours, her ankles would be “as swollen as a football,” she said. She was walking with a limp. An orthopedic doctor diagnosed her with Achilles tendinitis and recommended losing weight to mitigate the symptoms. Smart began taking the brand-name GLP-1 Ozempic.

The appetite suppression resulted in her shedding pounds quickly, at first.

“I lost 30 pounds initially without changing anything,” said Smart, 48. But then she found herself unable to shed additional pounds.

GLP-1s have quickly become one of the most popular types of weight loss drug in America. Nearly 1 in 5 people have taken them at some point, , a health information nonprofit that includes ��ϳԹ�� News. But doctors say it takes more than a regular shot for patients to achieve their weight goals in the long run.

Here’s what to know.

The Old-School Rules of Weight Loss and Health Still Apply

Regular exercise, smart food choices, plenty of sleep — those basic, healthy lifestyle choices are not only going to help you lose weight on a weight loss drug but also help you keep it off, said Dafina Allen, an obesity medicine physician who runs a clinic in Saginaw, Michigan. For example, some people find that they eat less on a GLP-1, “but they’re not improving their health because they’re not exercising. They’re not improving the quality of the food they’re eating,” Allen said. The path to weight loss is also guided by hormones, metabolism, and genetics.

After her weight loss on Ozempic plateaued, Smart realized she needed to start moving her body, too. “I’m in the gym now six days a week,” she said. “I went from 285 to 175” pounds. The swelling and pain in her ankle went away as well.

Jelon Smart, from Savannah, Georgia, lost 110 pounds after starting on Ozempic — but only after starting an intensive workout regimen, too. (Christopher Smart, Jennifer Davis)

Mental Health Matters, Too

The mind and body are deeply connected. Food and body image can be especially emotional, Allen said. “I can tell you about the patients that I helped lose 50 pounds, that I helped lose 100 pounds, and they still look in the mirror and are not happy.”

The key is seeking help for mental health along the way, said Gerald Onuoha, who practices internal medicine in Nashville, Tennessee. “Making sure that you’re talking to people about your problems, whether it’s a family member or a licensed professional, I think goes a long way,” he said.

Work With a Doctor To Closely Monitor Your Dosage

Onuoha said people can run into serious problems if they increase their GLP-1 dosage too quickly or don’t follow the recommended schedule. He’s seen patients come to the hospital with pancreatitis, gallstones, or acute kidney injury. “I always ask patients that are on GLP-1s: How long have they been on them?” he said. “Are they adhering to the directions? Because those things determine whether or not you’re going to have those complications.”

Part of the issue, Allen said, is that GLP-1s are relatively easy to access — and often much cheaper — through online pharmacies or websites, but those providers may not educate patients about their dosage or side effects. “So they might just go online, find a random company that will ship it to their house, where they don’t even know what dose of the medication they’re taking, or even if the medicine is safe for them as the patient with the medical conditions they have,” she said.

People and Policy

GLP-1 drugs can be costly, and most insurance programs — public or private — don’t cover the medications for weight loss. Medicaid, the government program that covers 69 million Americans, covers GLP-1s for medically accepted conditions like diabetes, but only about a dozen state Medicaid programs cover GLP-1s for obesity treatment, . For older Americans with Medicare, the federal government is planning to allow temporary coverage of GLP-1s for weight loss starting in July.

Katherine Ruppelt at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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Even With Dental Insurance, You Still Could Face a Large Bill

Blake Farmer, Nashville Public Radio — Mon, 23 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Your dental insurance might not cover what you expect.

Russell Anthony made eight trips to the dentist last year. The 65-year-old retiree in Nashville, Tennessee, hopes to go less often in 2026, but he’s already made a few visits.

“I had a root canal just last week that was like $500,” he said. “The week before that, I had a crown that cost me several hundred dollars. And as we speak, I have a broken tooth, and I have to go and see the dentist soon.”

In all, Anthony — uncle of HealthQ host Cara Anthony — expects to pay about $2,000 for dental care this year, even though he has dental insurance.

“Trying to weigh the cost of when to go to get dental care and paying for it, versus the other needs that I have, is something that’s very important,” Russell Anthony said.

The American Dental Association reported that had dental insurance in 2021. But that coverage does not necessarily protect against large bills. In fact, 1 in 4 adults with dental insurance reported costs as a barrier to care, according to a by KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes ��ϳԹ�� News.

Here are three things to know to better understand your insurance plan and keep your dental costs as low as possible:

1. Even With Dental Insurance, You’ll Have To Pay for Procedures

Dental plans typically cover routine care in full but pay only a portion of additional work. Benefits vary, but many plans follow the “100/80/50” rule, covering 100% of preventive care like cleanings and exams, 80% of basic procedures like fillings and root canals, and 50% of other major procedures.

Plus, dental plans often have a maximum annual payout, usually between $1,000 and $2,000. Patients are responsible for any costs above that. For example, if your plan maxes out at $1,500 and you need $4,000 of dental treatments, you will be on the hook for the difference of $2,500.

2. Facing a Big Dental Bill? You Have Options

It might feel uncomfortable to talk about finances directly with a dentist, but it’s helpful to be up-front about what you can afford.

Many dentist offices offer financial options to help patients manage the cost of care, including pretreatment estimates and payment plans. If you get an estimate that seems especially high, talk through the items and consider getting a second opinion. It never hurts to ask the office for a discount.

If you need a lower-cost alternative, consider looking into dental schools, which often offer discounted care, or , which use sliding scales based on a patient’s income.

3. Seeing Your Dentist Regularly Can Help Keep Costs Low

Sarah Olim, a general dentist in Katy, Texas, encourages her patients to come in for visits every six months.

“The best thing that you can do to mitigate the cost of going to the dentist is make sure that you are going regularly and trying to take care of things early,” she said.

Olim welcomes patients no matter how long it’s been since their last visit. But she cautioned that patients who wait a few years between visits may find their appointments are more expensive and more uncomfortable.

The reason? Dental problems often don’t resolve on their own. For example, a small cavity that needs a quick filling might cost $200. If left untreated, it could turn into a larger issue requiring a root canal and crown — and cost thousands.

Your dentist will also encourage you to follow the best preventive maintenance: brushing your teeth for two minutes twice a day. Olim tells her patients to use a timer or listen to a favorite song to make sure they brush long enough.

People and Policy

Federal lawmakers have tried to increase children’s access to dental insurance. Under the Affordable Care Act, dental care is considered , so health insurance plans on the individual marketplace must offer dental coverage for those 18 or younger. State Medicaid programs are also for children.

Emily Siner at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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Is It Worth Your Time and Money To Set Up an HSA?

Blake Farmer, Nashville Public Radio — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Is it worth it to set up a health savings account? HealthQ has answers.

When Mike McKee thinks about saving money for the future, he has a few priorities. Maxing out his retirement is one. Building up his kid’s college fund is another.

Opening up a health savings account? Not so much, even though he qualifies because of his high-deductible health plan.

“I’m so frustrated with the system that has anything to do with medical savings,” said McKee, 42, a self-employed musician in Nashville, Tennessee. “I’m just so turned off emotionally that I have to be really careful to be logical about it.”

More Americans are eligible to open an HSA — a kind of tax-free savings account that lets them sock away money for medical expenses — after changes that were part of new legislation last year. But an HSA can be a headache to set up and navigate.

Here’s what to know about how they work and when they’re worth it.

Like a Tax-Free Investment Account for Medical Expenses

With an HSA, you set aside money from your paycheck before taxes, and you can use that money to pay for medical expenses later. , including medications, glasses, orthodontia, and many kinds of therapy.

You have options for the money in the account, including investing it. Some people call HSAs a “triple tax advantage”: There are no taxes on the money that goes in, no taxes on any interest earned, and no taxes on the money that comes out for medical expenses.

Pro tip: An HSA is not the same as an FSA, or flexible spending account, even though it sounds similar. An FSA also lets you put pretax income into an account for medical expenses, but you typically lose unspent money at the end of the calendar year. By contrast, HSA money stays in your account until you spend it. Think F for “forfeit” and H for “hold on to.”

The Admin Work of an HSA Can Be a Real Barrier

First, you have to find out whether your health plan allows for an HSA. Most high-deductible health plans do, but with these plans you might have to spend thousands of dollars before most benefits kick in. Starting this year, plans on the individual Affordable Care Act marketplace that are categorized as “bronze” or “catastrophic” are also eligible. (The easiest way to find out whether you qualify is to call the number on the back of your insurance card and ask.)

Then, you have to open the HSA on your own through a financial institution — although if you get health insurance through a job, your employer might have preferred institutions. And finally, you have to keep track of your qualified medical expenses. You pay for them using a special debit card or by submitting claims for reimbursement, usually through an online portal. Either way, it’s smart to hold on to receipts.

People and Policy

If you’re living paycheck to paycheck, you may find it difficult to take advantage of the tax savings that come with an HSA. “HSAs, in this way, tend to benefit more the higher-income enrollees, because those are the ones who have the disposable income to set aside at the end of the month,” said Michelle Long, a policy researcher at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes ��ϳԹ�� News. Plus, people with higher incomes and higher tax brackets have more to gain from getting discounts on their taxes, which is basically what an HSA provides.

Katherine Ruppelt at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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If You’re Pregnant and Uninsured, Medicaid Might Be Your Answer

Blake Farmer, Nashville Public Radio — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 10:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: If you’re newly pregnant and not able to afford health insurance, you may qualify for Medicaid. Reporters Cara Anthony and Blake Farmer — hosts of the new series “HealthQ” — explain that every state has a program to provide coverage for pregnant people.

When she noticed an unusual craving for hot dogs, Matte’a Brooks suspected her body was telling her something, so she decided to take a pregnancy test. She took two just to be sure. Both were positive.

“I was definitely scared,” said Brooks, 23, who was uninsured. “I was like, OK … I’m pregnant, so where do I go from here?”

Until then she hadn’t thought much about health care, but that changed when she found out that her daughter was on the way.

Brooks got that news last winter. The mix of joy, anxiety, and excitement she felt mirrors what many new parents feel at this time of year. Many Americans find out in January or February that they’re expecting, because in the U.S., August has consistently high birth rates.

A growing body of research shows that prenatal care can make a huge difference to the long-term health of both the parent and baby. This is part of why offers health coverage to pregnant women who meet income requirements and might otherwise go uninsured.

As a result, Medicaid pays for more than 40% of births in the U.S. and an even higher percentage in rural areas, according to KFF. But Medicaid also comes with limitations, and providers may restrict how many Medicaid patients they take, since the payments are than other insurers’.

Here are three things to know about signing up for Medicaid when pregnant.

1. Pregnancy Makes You a Priority

To sign up for government health care, you have to meet a number of requirements that vary widely by state. Most importantly, your income has to be below a certain threshold. In several states, most adults cannot qualify, regardless of income, if they’re not disabled or the parent of a child.

But the math is different for pregnancy. In Tennessee, for example, the eligibility cutoff in pregnancy is the income threshold for some other residents. So if you didn’t qualify for Medicaid previously and are now pregnant, it’s worth double-checking your state’s requirements.

2. Getting Covered Can Be Surprisingly Easy

To apply, you’ll likely proof of income, your Social Security number, and proof of residency. Brooks, an Illinois resident, told HealthQ that she found the sign-up process surprisingly easy. She learned about Medicaid from the provider at her initial prenatal visit.

“They asked if I had insurance. I didn’t know anything at the time,” she said. The nonprofit clinic gave her some phone numbers for the state Medicaid agency. She called and went to an in-person appointment to complete her application. She walked out of the office with coverage. In , pregnancy results in “presumptive eligibility,” which provides immediate coverage — even without confirmation of the pregnancy — while the application goes through the approval process.

3. Coverage Can Go Beyond Standard Medical Care

Medicaid provides all prenatal care at no out-of-pocket cost and usually a of postpartum care. That’s what happened to Brooks: Her appointments, medications, and delivery were free.

States cover dental, vision, and mental health care to varying degrees. Ashley Farrell, who lost her job when she was pregnant and applied to Medicaid in Georgia, said she received “rewards for going to your appointments,” including . Benefits vary by state.

People and Policy

Some maternal health advocates about how Medicaid cuts in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act will affect pregnancy coverage. Though it’s unclear when or how, states might scale back eligibility or offerings for expectant mothers.

Katherine Ruppelt at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

HealthQ is a health series from reporters Cara Anthony and Blake Farmer — approachable guides to an unapproachable health care system. It’s a collaboration between Nashville Public Radio and ��ϳԹ�� News.

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A Surgical Team Was About To Harvest This Man’s Organs — Until His Doctor Intervened

Cara Anthony — Fri, 12 Sep 2025 09:00:00 +0000

ST. LOUIS — Lying on top of an operating room table with his chest exposed, Larry Black Jr. was moments away from having his organs harvested when a doctor ran breathlessly into the room.

“Get him off the table,” the doctor recalled telling the surgical team at SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital as the team cleaned Black’s chest and abdomen. “This is my patient. Get him off the table.”

At first, no one recognized Zohny Zohny in his surgical mask. Then he told the surgical team he was the neurosurgeon assigned to Black’s case. Stunned by his orders, the team members pushed back, Zohny said, explaining that they had consent from the family to remove Black’s organs.

“I don’t care if we have consent,” Zohny recalled telling them. “I haven’t spoken to the family, and I don’t agree with this. Get him off the table.”

Black, his 22-year-old patient, had arrived at the hospital after getting shot in the head on March 24, 2019. A week later, he was taken to surgery to have his organs removed for donation — even though his heart was beating and he hadn’t been declared brain-dead, Zohny said.

Black’s sister Molly Watts said the family had doubts after agreeing to donate Black’s organs but felt unheard until the 34-year-old doctor, in his first year as a neurosurgeon, intervened.

Today, Black, now 28, is a musician and the father of three children. He still needs regular physical therapy for lingering health issues from the gun injury. And Black said he is haunted by what he remembers from those days while he was lying in a medically induced coma.

“I heard my mama yelling,” he recalled. “Everybody was there yelling my name, crying, playing my favorite songs, sending prayers up.”

He said he had tried to show everyone in his hospital room that he heard them. He recalled knocking on the side of the bed, blinking his eyes, trying to show that he was fighting for his life.

Organ transplants save a growing number of lives in the U.S. every year, with performed in 2024, according to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which oversees the nation’s transplant system. And awaiting donations that never come.

But organ donation has also faced , including reports of patients showing alertness before planned organ harvesting. The results of a into a Kentucky organ donation nonprofit, first disclosed by in June, found that during a four-year period, medical providers had planned to harvest the organs of 73 patients despite signs of neurological activity. Those procedures ultimately didn’t take place, but federal officials to overhaul the nation’s organ donation system.

“Our findings show that hospitals allowed the organ procurement process to begin when patients showed signs of life, and this is horrifying,” Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. said in a statement. “The entire system must be fixed to ensure that every potential donor’s life is treated with the sanctity it deserves.”

Even before this latest investigation, Black’s case showed Zohny that the organ donation system needed to improve. He was initially hesitant to talk to ��ϳԹ�� News when contacted in July about Black. But Zohny said his patient’s story had stuck with him for years, highlighting that while organ donation must continue, little is understood about human consciousness. And determining when someone is dead is the critical but confusing question at play.

“There was no bad guy in this. It was a bad setup. There’s a problem in the system,” he said. “We need to look at the policies and make some adjustments to them to make sure that we’re doing organ donation for the right person at the right time in the right place, with the right specialists involved.”

LJ Punch, a former trauma surgeon who was not involved with the case but reviewed Black’s medical records for ��ϳԹ�� News, questioned whether Black’s injury — from gunfire — possibly contributed to how he was treated. Young Black men like Larry Black are in the United States, and . His experience exemplifies “the general neglect” of Black men’s bodies, Punch said.

“That’s what comes up for me,” Punch said. “Structurally, not individually. Not any one doctor, not any one nurse, not any one team. It’s a structural reality.”

The hospital declined to comment on the details of Black’s case. SSM Health’s Kim Henrichsen, president of Saint Louis University Hospital and St. Mary’s Hospital-St. Louis, said the hospital system approaches “all situations involving critical illness or end-of-life care with deep compassion and respect.”

Mid-America Transplant, the federally designated organ procurement organization serving the St. Louis region, does not comment on individual donor cases, according to , executive vice president for organ procurement. She did tell ��ϳԹ�� News that her organization has walked away from cases when patients’ conditions change — though not as late as when they are in the operating room for harvesting.

“Let me be clear about that. It happens way before then,” she said. “It definitely happens multiple times a year where we get consent. The family has made the decision, we approach, we get consent, it’s all appropriate, and then a day or so later they improve and we’re like, ‘Whoa.’”

But Speir said the recent media stories about the nation’s donation system are prompting a lot of questions about a process that also does a lot of good.

“We’re losing public trust right now,” Speir said of the industry. “And we’re going to have to regain that.”

Blink Twice for a Chance at Life

Larry Black Jr. and his sister Molly Watts are still trying to process everything that happened to him while he was hospitalized in 2019 at SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital. (Judd Demaline for ��ϳԹ�� News)

It was a Sunday afternoon when gunshots rang out in downtown St. Louis. Black had been on his way to his sister’s apartment.

“I didn’t know I was shot at first,” Black said, sitting in his living room six years later. “I literally ran like a block or two away.”

He collapsed moments later, he said, crawling to the back door of a woman’s home, where he asked for help. He said he asked the woman to give him two large towels, one covered in rubbing alcohol and another soaked with hydrogen peroxide. He wrapped those towels around the back of his head.

When his sister Macquel Payne found him, he was lying on the ground near the leasing office of her apartment complex, a crowd gathered around him.

Before an ambulance took him to the hospital, Black told his sister not to worry about him.

“I’m hearing Larry say, ‘I’m good, sis,’” Payne recalled. “‘I’m OK.’”

Black said he went in and out of consciousness on the way to the hospital and once he was there.

“I got to hitting my hand on the side of the ICU bed,” Black said. “They was like: ‘That’s just the reaction, the side effects of the medicine. Ask him some questions.’”

Payne said she asked her brother to blink twice if he could remember his first pet, a dog named “Little Black” that looked like the Chihuahua from the Taco Bell commercials.

Black said he remembers blinking twice. His sisters remember the same.

Payne asked him another question. This time she wanted to know whether her brother recognized their family. Black said he blinked twice when he saw his mom and sister standing nearby.

Black said his sister then asked him “the main question” that everyone needed him to answer.

“She’s like, ‘If you want them to pull a plug, if you tired and you giving up, blink once,’” Black recalled. “‘If you still got some fight in you, blink more than once.’”

Black said he started blinking and hit the bed to let his family know that he was still with them.

The sisters said hospital staffers told them the movements were involuntary.

‘Not Right Now’

In a waiting room steps away from the hospital’s intensive care unit, a woman carrying brochures explained to Payne and the rest of the family that Black had identified himself as a possible organ donor on his ID.

The woman wanted to know whether the family wished to move forward with the process if Black died, Payne said.

“I remember my mom saying, ‘Not right now,’” Black’s sister recalled. “‘It’s kind of too soon.’”

Payne said the woman persisted.

“She was like, ‘Well, can I at least leave you some brochures or something?’” Payne recalled. “Then my mom got a little agitated because it felt like she was being, like, pushy.”

The family was already acquainted with the organ donation process. In 2007, Black’s teenage brother Miguel Payne drowned at a local lake. His organs were donated, Macquel Payne said, noting the family was told that his body parts and tissues helped multiple people.

“I believe in saving lives,” Payne said. “But don’t be pushy about it.”

Zohny Zohny recently started a medical research company called Zeta Analytica to explore ways of quantifying consciousness, inspired in part by his experience with Larry Black Jr. in 2019. He also will be joining the West Virginia University Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute in October. (Lee Photographie)

Mid-America Transplant handles the organ transplant process for 84 counties in parts of Illinois, Arkansas, and Missouri, including St. Louis. Like the Kentucky organization, it is one of 55 federally designated nonprofits that facilitate organ donations throughout the country.

The nonprofit has never pressured a family into organ donation, Speir said. Registering to be an organ donor is legally binding, she said, but Mid-America has walked away from cases when families didn’t want to move forward.

She said her staff tries to dispel myths about organ donation and alleviate concerns. “We want to have the families leave with a positive experience,” Speir said.

Despite the family’s initial ambivalence, they ultimately consented to moving forward with donating Black’s organs. Watts said members of her brother’s care team had told the family that her brother was at “the end of the road.”

The family was told to prepare for Black’s “last walk of life,” Payne said. Also known as an honor or hero’s walk, the tradition honors the life of an organ donor before the harvesting process begins.

At the time, Payne said, she thought her brother still had a fighting chance. She asked the hospital staffers to take another look at him before he was wheeled down the hall.

“I’m like, ‘My brother’s in there tapping on the bed,’” Payne said. “They said, ‘That’s just his nerves.’ But I’m like, ‘No, something’s not right.’ It’s like he was too alert. He was letting us know: ‘Please don’t let them do this to me. I’m here. I can fight this.’ They were saying that’s what the medicine will do, it affects his nerves.”

After the family had agreed to move forward with the organ donation process, the two sisters said, an especially helpful member of Black’s medical team no longer treated them the same way. She became standoffish, they said.

“You could tell the dynamics had changed,” Watts said.

‘#��ʲѲ��ǳٳ��’

The family put on blue jumpers for the walk of life. “We just walked around the floor, and everybody was, like, acknowledging him,” Payne said. “We just thought this was the end.”

A friend Black went to high school with filmed part of the ritual. In a , Black is seen being wheeled on a stretcher down a hallway in the hospital. His eyes are half-open. People are crying.

False rumors then started to swirl outside the hospital.

Macquel Payne was among the family members at SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital when her brother Larry Black Jr. was being prepped to have his organs harvested in 2019. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

Lawrence Black Sr. says he refused to believe that his son, Larry Black Jr., was dead in 2019 when he heard a rumor that his son’s body was being taken to the SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital morgue. He says he prayed for his son to live. Today, his son is walking, talking, and the father of three children. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

Brianna Floyd said she went into shock when she heard that her friend was dead. She knew that Black had been shot in the head. But a few days earlier, that he was in stable condition.

Floyd checked Facebook to see whether the news of his death was true. Her timeline was flooded with farewell posts for Black, so she decided to write one, too.

“I Love You So Much Brother,” . “#RIPMyBrother. Never Thought I Would Say That.”

Black’s father rushed to the hospital when he heard a rumor that his son was being wheeled to the morgue.

“‘He’s gone,’” Lawrence Black Sr. recalled being told. “‘He’s going to the freezer now.’”

Black Sr. said he refused to believe that his son was dead. The thought was devastating. He had already experienced that kind of loss to gun violence.

“You wake up and nothing’s the same,” Black Sr. said. “The spirit is lingering for about a week, and you can feel it, you know?”

Overwhelmed with emotion, he prayed for his son to live.

‘I Can’t Kill Your Son’

Zohny, the neurosurgeon, said he heard an announcement about a “hero’s walk” over a loudspeaker in the hospital. He wasn’t familiar with the term, so he asked about it. Medical residents in the hospital explained and told Zohny that the walk was possibly for his patient Larry Black.

“No, that can’t be my patient,” Zohny said he told them. “I didn’t agree.”

That’s when Zohny called the ICU to check on Black’s status. A person who answered the phone told him that Black was being wheeled to an operating room, he said.

“This is my first year,” Zohny said. “Your first year out as a neurosurgeon is the riskiest time for you. Any mistakes, anything small, basically derails your career. So the moment this happened, my legs went weak and I was very nervous because, at the end of the day, your job as a doctor is to be perfect.”

��ϳԹ�� News, Zohny, and Punch all reviewed the medical files given to Black from his hospitalization. It’s not clear from the records what led to that moment.

“In every case, the patient must be declared legally dead by the hospital’s medical team before organ procurement begins. This is not negotiable,” Mid-America Transplant’s CEO and president, Kevin Lee, wrote in on the nonprofit’s website, responding to the news and federal comments about the investigation centered in Kentucky. “Mid-America Transplant strictly follows all laws, regulations, and hospital protocols throughout the process.”

He said in a statement to ��ϳԹ�� News that a person can be pronounced dead in two ways. A person is legally dead if their heart stops beating and they stop breathing, which is when donation after cardiac death can occur. A person can also become an organ donor if their brain, including the brain stem, has irreversibly ceased functioning, which is when brain death donation can occur.

Zohny Zohny (left), a neurosurgeon, stands with his patient Larry Black Jr. and Black’s sister Molly Watts in a photograph taken at a follow-up medical appointment in 2019. Black was shot in the head in St. Louis earlier that year.

“Every hospital has their own process in declaring both types of death,” Speir said in a statement. “Mid-America Transplant ensures hospitals follow their policies.”

But Black didn’t fall into either category, Zohny said. And, he said, Black hadn’t had what is known as a brain death exam.

Zohny said he immediately informed his chairman about the situation, then started running to the operating room. Black’s family was waiting in the hallway, unaware of the drama happening behind a set of closed silver doors.

Then Zohny emerged, pulling Black’s family into an empty operating room that was nearby.

“I remember he told my mama, ‘I can’t kill your son,’” Payne recalled. “She said, ‘Excuse me?’”

Zohny put an image of Black’s brain on a screen. Then he circled the part of his brain that was damaged. He explained that Black’s gunshot wound was something that he could possibly recover from, though he might need therapy. He asked the family whether they were willing to give Black more time to heal from the injury, instead of withdrawing care.

“In my opinion, no family would ever consent to organ donation unless they were given an impression that their family member had a very poor prognosis,” Zohny said. “I never had a conversation with the family about the prognosis, because it was too early to have that discussion.”

Zohny knew that he was taking a professional risk when he ran into the operating room.

“The worst-case scenario for me is that I lose my job,” he recalled thinking. “Worst-case scenario for him, he wrongfully loses his life.”

Later, Zohny said, a hospital worker who transported Black from the ICU to the operating room told Zohny that something had seemed off.

“I remember him looking at me and saying, ‘I’m so glad you stopped that,’” Zohny recalled. “And I said, ‘Why?’ And he said: ‘I don’t know. His eyes were open the whole time, and I just felt like he was looking at me. His eyes didn’t move, but it felt like he was looking at me.’”

‘Back From the Dead’

After Zohny’s intervention, Black was wheeled back to the ICU. Zohny said the medical team held back all medications that caused his sedation.

Black woke up two days later, Zohny said, and started speaking. Within a week, the neurosurgeon said, he was standing.

“I had to learn how to walk, how to spell, read,” Black said. “I had to learn my name again, my Social, birthday, everything.”

Zohny continued to care for Black during what remained of his 21 days in the hospital. During a follow-up appointment, he posed for a photo with Black and his older sister, Watts. Next to Zohny, Black is standing up, a brace on his leg.

“It’s a miracle that despite flawed policy we were able to save his life,” Zohny said. “It was an absolute miracle.”

To help Larry Black Jr. process his gunshot injuries and an aborted surgery to harvest his organs in 2019, he makes music under the name BeamNavyLooney. “I am back from the dead,” he recently wrote in a song about his experience. (Judd Demaline for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Zohny, who was working as a fellow and assistant professor at the time, left Saint Louis University Hospital for another job later that year when his fellowship ended. He said Black’s story made him question what we know about consciousness.

He’s now working on a new method that quantifies consciousness. Zohny said it could possibly be used to help measure consciousness from brain signals, such as with an electroencephalogram, or EEG, a test that measures electrical activity in the brain. Zohny said his method still needs rigorous validation, so he recently started a medical research company called Zeta Analytica, separate from his work at the West Virginia University , which he’ll begin in October.

“We don’t understand the brain to the level that we should, especially with all of the technology we have now,” Zohny said.

Today, Black is trying to move forward. He said he has seizures if the bullet fragments in his head move around too much. He said he easily overheats because of the injury.

He doesn’t blame his family for their decision. But he questions the organ transplantation process. “It’s like they choose people’s destiny for them just because they have an organ donor ribbon on their ID,” Black said. “And that’s not cool.”

To help him process everything that happened to him in 2019, he makes music under the name BeamNavyLooney. “I am back from the dead,” he recently wrote in a song about his experience.

Earlier this year, Black celebrated the birth of another son, who was sleeping peacefully at home as Black recounted his story.

“He doesn’t really cry,” Black said. “He just makes noises.”

Black sat with a firearm within reach. He said he keeps the gun close to protect his family. It’s still hard for him to sleep at night. Nightmares about what happened — both on the street and in the hospital — keep him awake.

He said he no longer wants to be on the organ donor registry.

This project was supported by a fellowship from the Association of Health Care Journalists, with funding from The Joyce Foundation.

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An Insurer Agreed To Cover Her Surgery. A Politician’s Nudge Got the Bills Paid.

Cara Anthony — Tue, 26 Aug 2025 09:00:00 +0000

For the most part, Keyanna Jones and her husband thought they knew what to expect when their daughter Chloë had eye surgery last fall.

Even Chloë, who was in kindergarten, had a good understanding of how things would go that day. Before the procedure, a hospital worker gave her a coloring book that explained the steps of the surgery — a procedure to correct a condition that could have eventually interfered with her vision.

“Chloë is very smart,” Jones said. “She reads at almost a third-grade level now, and she’s only 6.”

Jones did her homework, too. With no pediatric ophthalmologists near their home in Wentzville, Missouri, who would take their insurance, she asked the insurer to cover Chloë’s out-of-network care as if it were in-network. The insurer agreed to let her see an out-of-network specialist.

Chloë made it through surgery without a hitch. Jones said her daughter enjoyed a few popsicles at the hospital before going home.

“ I slept with her every night because she was so worried she would wake up and not be able to see,” she said. “But it healed beautifully, and she was absolutely ready to go back to school.”

Then the bill came.

The Medical Procedure

Chloë was born with a droopy left eyelid, a condition known as ptosis. To correct the problem, an ophthalmologist surgically lifts the eyelid, preventing it from disrupting the patient’s line of sight.

Ophthalmologists, unlike optometrists and opticians, hold medical degrees and can provide advanced eye care, including surgery.

The Final Bill

$15,188, including $10,382 for the procedure and $2,730 for anesthesia. Initially, insurance paid just $1,775.79, leaving the Jones family owing $13,412.21 — until Chloë’s uncle, who had recently finished his term as a state senator, asked a colleague to look into it.

The Problem: Phantom Insurance Approval?

Months before Chloë inhaled bubblegum-scented anesthetic at Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital in St. Louis, Jones discovered that it can be hard to find a pediatric ophthalmologist. The doctor recommended by Chloë’s pediatrician wasn’t contracted with their insurer, UnitedHealthcare, and the closest in-network specialist was in Wisconsin, hundreds of miles away.

So Jones requested what’s called a network gap exception, under which the insurer would cover the recommended doctor’s services as in-network.

Before the surgery was scheduled, she received a letter saying UnitedHealthcare had approved her request “because currently there isn’t a doctor, health care professional, or facility in your area to provide these services.” The letter listed several medical billing codes for eye services and said they would be covered “at the network level.”

About a week later, the insurer sent a prior authorization letter approving Chloë’s surgery.

But UnitedHealthcare declined to pay most of the surgery bill, covering it as out-of-network. With approval letters in hand, Jones said, she did not understand why the insurer apparently was not honoring its agreement to cover her daughter’s treatment.

In fact, the similar-looking letters granted different kinds of approval.

UnitedHealthcare’s gap exception approved Chloë’s exams before the surgery as in-network. But in its prior authorization letter for her surgery with the same doctor, the insurer said only that it would cover it — without offering network discounts.

After receiving the bill, Jones contacted the insurer online, but she said a representative told her there was no record of its approval to cover the surgery as in-network.

“At that point, I didn’t even know what to do,” she said. “I’m like, ‘This is crazy.’”

Keyanna Jones got insurance approval to see an out-of-network doctor when her daughter Chloë needed eye surgery last fall. But when the insurer declined to pay most of the bill, Jones says, a representative told her there was no record of the approval for the surgery. “At that point, I didn’t even know what to do,” she says. (Matt Kile for ��ϳԹ�� News)

She said she sent over a copy of one of the approval letters, which was on the company’s letterhead, but a representative told her the letter hadn’t come from UnitedHealthcare.

“They said, ‘You saw this surgeon, they’re not covered and you didn’t have permission, so, no, we’re not going to pay,’” Jones said, recounting the phone call.

An insurance representative told Jones she owed more than $13,000 because of “a balance billing issue.” That meant the Jones family would have to pay the $13,000-plus balance.

Spokespeople for UnitedHealthcare confirmed the company provided a gap exception and prior authorization for Chloë’s care. Eric Hausman, a spokesperson for UnitedHealth Group, said in a statement to ��ϳԹ�� News that “we empathize with anyone who finds themselves in the unfortunate situation of being balance billed by an out-of-network provider for an amount significantly above market rates, and without any advance knowledge.”

Maryanne Wallace, a spokesperson for SSM Health, the health system that includes Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital, provided a statement that said SSM followed “standard patient billing procedures.”

“Occasionally, an insurance company may process a claim as an out-of-network service, which can result in a balance being billed to the patient,” the statement said.

The Resolution

Jones said she was blindsided by the big bill. She tried to fix the problem on her own, she said, keeping track of every interaction with the insurer and the hospital. She filed appeals with UnitedHealthcare.

Nothing helped — until she reached out to her brother Caleb Rowden, who had been a Missouri state senator for eight years after serving four years in the state House.

“ I’ve never used my brother’s political clout for anything,” she said. “I actually hate politics.”

Rowden told ��ϳԹ�� News that he reached out to Travis Fitzwater, the state senator representing his niece’s district. Jones contacted Fitzwater’s office, too, and sent a complaint to Missouri Attorney General Andrew Bailey.

Fitzwater said his office did no more for Chloë than it would for any constituent.

“We’re not going to take a lot of credit for the result of it, because we didn’t ask for anything other than a resolution, so that everybody can be at peace and move on with their lives,” he said in an interview. “We just did what we do every day.”

After Fitzwater’s staff contacted the hospital and the insurer, representatives from both separately called Jones and notified her that UnitedHealthcare had paid the bill in full.

In the end, Chloë’s family paid nothing for her procedure — not even a copay.

(Matt Kile for ��ϳԹ�� News)

The Takeaway

When it comes to insurance approvals, read the fine print carefully; “covered” does not mean an insurer will pay, let alone at in-network rates.

Rowden and Fitzwater said reaching out to your elected representative’s office can help. Advocating for constituents is part of their job.

“They usually have an open line of communication with these insurance companies and hospitals,” Rowden wrote in an email. “They may not always be able to get to a positive outcome since every situation is a little different, but they can usually get you to a next step.”

Jones is grateful that her brother was able to help, though she acknowledged that she probably would not have called him without a nudge from their mother. “I think I would still be fighting,” she said.

Bill of the Month is a crowdsourced investigation by ��ϳԹ�� News and that dissects and explains medical bills. Since 2018, this series has helped many patients and readers get their medical bills reduced, and it has been cited in statehouses, at the U.S. Capitol, and at the White House. Do you have a confusing or outrageous medical bill you want to share? Tell us about it!

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Volunteers Help Tornado-Hit St. Louis Amid Wait for Federal Aid

Cara Anthony — Thu, 22 May 2025 12:15:00 +0000

ST. LOUIS — Kevin Hines has been living in a house without a roof in the days since a tornado devastated his community. He has seen some of his neighbors sleeping in their cars. A different man has spent untold hours on a bench.

In the aftermath of the May 16 tornado, Hines, 60, has a blue tarp covering his home. Still, rain came in three days later — an expected problem in a house without a roof. But he didn’t think wildlife would be an issue. Then a bird landed on his television. He spotted a squirrel on the sofa.

He already has enough to handle. He’s not sure when his home will be repaired. A toppled tree destroyed the purple Jeep he bought only months ago. His job told employees not to come into work because the building was damaged.

Kevin Hines stands in front of one of the many trees uprooted in St. Louis during the storm, which caused an estimated $1.6 billion in property damage. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

The tornado cut a 23-mile-long path, touching down in the affluent suburb of Clayton, Missouri, before ripping through the north side of the city of St. Louis then across the Mississippi River through communities in western Illinois. At least five people were killed, 38 more were injured, and about 5,000 structures were damaged, according to St. Louis Mayor Cara Spencer. The twister caused more than in estimated property damage.

While the impact was felt throughout the area, it will take some neighborhoods longer than others to recover. Kayla Reed, a community activist who runs the nonprofit, which is coordinating help for storm victims, said residents in the predominantly Black area known as North City especially face a long set of challenges in the days ahead.

“A natural disaster met a created one and a systemic one,” Reed said. “They’ve sort of been in a long-term storm all of their lives. If you live in this footprint, you know this is where infant mortality is highest. This is where incarceration rates are highest. This is where poverty rates are highest.”

Food and water aid provide some relief, Reed said, but the community needs more than that. “I can’t put into words how long it’s going to take to stabilize some of these families and how much trauma they are navigating,” she said.

A possible source of major aid is the federal government, which can unlock resources at the president’s discretion. But Missouri for President Donald Trump to approve federal assistance for damage left by three sets of storms in March and April that killed 19 people in the state. Trump has from West Virginia and Washington this year, and initially denied one for storm and tornado damage in Arkansas before and approving the request May 13.

Black families here in North St. Louis are worried that their community will not be prioritized.

On May 19, Missouri Gov. Mike Kehoe, a Republican, a federal emergency declaration, which would authorize about $5 million in federal assistance for cleanup efforts. Kehoe also requested that the Federal Emergency Management Agency conduct a preliminary damage assessment, a necessary step to securing a “major disaster declaration,” which would provide federal resources for homeowners and renters, reimburse local government efforts, and pay for damaged public infrastructure.

FEMA was on the ground two days later helping conduct damage assessments. But a disaster declaration could take weeks, if it comes.

“Bringing FEMA in, it’s my understanding, is not going to be a quick process,” the mayor said at a May 21 press conference. “All elected officials at every level here are doing everything they can to make that process as quick as possible.”

That includes Republican U.S. Sen. Josh Hawley, who asked Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem during an oversight hearing May 20 to the pending aid requests from Missouri’s three previous storms and for the recent tornado. “Yes, absolutely,” she responded.

To help residents recover from the storm damage, volunteers distribute supplies from the parking lot of the YMCA’s O’Fallon Park Rec Complex in North St. Louis. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

Thousands of volunteers have shown up there in what they are calling the “People’s Response” to help residents in need. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

While the city waits, thousands of volunteers have shown up to the parking lot of the YMCA’s O’Fallon Park Rec Complex in North St. Louis in what they are calling the “” to help residents in need. So far, they’ve helped more than 5,000 families. Volunteers have collected more than 17,280 pounds of food, according to Action St. Louis.

The last time such an outpouring occurred around here, according to locals, was in 2014 after the in nearby Ferguson. , an alderman who represents part of the storm-affected area, said some of the same activists who showed up then made it a point to help now.

Hines, too, looked for ways to help his neighbors. He became an unofficial traffic director at the YMCA as thousands of cars streamed into the area to get help — or provide it.

“It’s not about me,” Hines said. “I’m staying until no one is here because there’s nothing to do at my house. I have no power.”

Residents in North City described the moments after the storm as chaos: trees down everywhere; power lines damaged; limited cellphone service, making it hard to connect with loved ones. Then the sun went down, cloaking corners of the city in complete darkness.

Five days after the tornado, people still needed candles, flashlights, and batteries to make it through the night. Piles of debris filled street corners. Exterior walls were ripped off homes, exposing the inside of closets, bedrooms, and living rooms to passersby on the street. Some buildings were leveled. The downed trees in the tornado’s path in the city’s canopy visible from miles away.

Wreckage of a car on Natural Bridge Avenue in St. Louis. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

Charles Stanford shows a tractor trailer that was flipped on its side by the tornado in St. Louis. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

The tornado flipped a semitrailer outside a new gas station and strip mall that had been scheduled to open this fall. One evening, Charles Stanford, a security guard for the property, sat in the parking lot to make sure no one tried to enter what remained of the building. Stanford said the project had been nearly complete. Now, it is surrounded by rubble and debris.

A giant tree crashed into the house of one of Hines’ neighbors. He said the woman recently had heart surgery and had been recovering at home. But then she went back to the hospital, and he thinks stress after the tornado may be why. Hines was planning to bring her a few Hershey’s Kisses, her favorite candy, to lift her spirits.

Shannette BoClair, 52, said she found her infirm father, Albert Noble, on the floor in the fetal position after the tornado passed her parents’ home. A window had imploded and strong winds knocked him down. BoClair called 911 but, she said, first responders were overwhelmed by calls for help and tree-blocked streets. Her father needed medical attention right away, she said, so his family helped him hobble a mile to his grandson, who drove him to a triage station that had been set up for tornado victims.

They learned he had broken his hip, she said. He had surgery within days.

BoClair, who works as a health and wellness director at the YMCA, said she’s helping care for her mother, who remained at home after the storm. BoClair is depending on meals provided by volunteers and staffers at the YMCA but said she had also spent about $500 on DoorDash meals to feed her family since the tornado hit.

As far as federal aid goes, BoClair said she hopes it comes soon. The community needs dumpsters for the debris, reconstruction, and more.

But the outpouring of support from volunteers amazed her. The People’s Response drew so many volunteers that lines of cars snaked outside of the YMCA parking lot in North City. The smell of barbecue wafted through the air as residents without electricity grilled food for one another before it spoiled.

“I’m so proud of our community,” BoClair said. “They say we don’t care. We do care.”

Reed said volunteers would be stationed in the YMCA’s parking lot for a few more days. But, she said, that doesn’t mean the job ends there. The community will need more help to rebuild.

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Listen: Black Swimmers Make Waves Overcoming Fear and Old Perceptions

Cara Anthony — Tue, 13 May 2025 09:00:00 +0000

��ϳԹ�� News correspondent Cara Anthony appeared on WAMU’s “Health Hub” segment on May 7 to share her reporting on community efforts to close a public health gap by teaching more Black Americans to swim.

Generations of Black Americans have faced barriers to swimming. A history of systemic exclusion from pools is one factor that has led to higher drowning rates among Black children and adults than their white peers. More than a third of Black adults report they do not know how to swim, .

Water safety advocates across the country are providing swim lessons to encourage Black people of all ages to overcome fears and build confidence.

��ϳԹ�� News correspondent Cara Anthony appeared on WAMU’s “Health Hub” segment to talk about drowning disparities, and efforts to save lives and reclaim the joy of swimming.

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Magic Happens When Kids and Adults Learn To Swim. Tragedy Can Strike if They Don’t.

Cara Anthony — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 09:00:00 +0000

At a swim meet just outside St. Louis, heads turned when a team of young swimmers walked through the rec center with their parents in tow.

A supportive mom kept her eye on the clock while the Makos Swim Team athletes tucked their natural curls, braids, and locs into yellow swimming caps. In the bleachers, spectators whispered about the team’s presence at the pool in Centralia, Illinois — as they do at almost every competition.

“They don’t know that we’re listening,” Randella Randell, a swimmer’s mom, later said. “But we’re here to stay. We’re here to represent. We’re going to show you that Black kids know how to swim. We swim, too.”

Randell’s son, Elijah Gilliam, 14, is a member of the Makos’ competitive YMCA and program based in North St. Louis. Almost 40 athletes, ages 4 to 19, swim on the squad, which encourages Black and multiracial kids to participate in the sport. Coached by Terea Goodwin and Torrie Preciado, the team also spreads the word about water safety in their community.

“If we can get everybody to learn how to swim, just that little bit, it would save so many lives,” said Goodwin, a kitchen and bathroom designer by day who is known as Coach T at the pool. “Swimming is life.”

But just like mako sharks, such teams of Black swimmers are rare. Detroit has the , Howard University in Washington, D.C., has that’s made headlines for , and some alums from North Carolina A&T’s former swim team created a .

Elijah Gilliam swims during practice at the YMCA’s O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18, in St. Louis. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Randella Randell and son Elijah Gilliam attend Makos Swim Team practice at the YMCA’s O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18, in St. Louis. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

In the past, Black Americans were barred from many public swimming pools. When racial segregation was officially banned, white Americans established private swim clubs that required members to pay a fee that wasn’t always affordable. As a result, swimming remained effectively segregated, and many Black Americans stayed away from pools.

The impact is still felt. More than a third of Black adults report they do not know how to swim, according to , more than twice the rate for adults overall.

Seeing a need in their community, the parents of the Makos swimmers formed the at the end of 2023 with a goal of “bridging the gap in aquatic skills,” according to its website. But the group, which offers swim lessons to families of color, is concerned about the flow of grant money dwindling because of the recent federal backlash against diversity, equity, and inclusion programs. Even so, they are fundraising directly on their own, because lives are being lost.

In late January, a died at a hotel pool in St. Louis. A boy the same age at a St. Louis County pool in 2022. And across the river in Hamel, Illinois, a in a backyard pool last summer.

Drowning is the for children ages 1 through 4, according to the CDC. and drown far more often than their white peers.

Members of the Black Swimmers Alliance discussed those statistics before their advocacy work began. They also had to address another issue — many of the adult volunteers and parents with children on the Makos team didn’t know how to swim. Even though their children were swimming competitively, the fear of drowning and the repercussions of history had kept the parents out of the pool.

The Makos athletes also noticed that their parents were timid around water. That’s when their roles reversed. The children started to look out for the grown-ups.

Joseph Johnson, now 14, called out his mom, Connie Johnson, when she tried to give him a few tips about how to improve his performance.

“He was like, ‘Mom, you have no idea,’” the now-55-year-old recalled. “At first, I was offended, but he was absolutely right. I didn’t know how to swim.”

She signed up for lessons with Coach T.

Connie Johnson and her son, Joseph, attend practice at the O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18. She signed up for swimming lessons for herself after he joined the Makos Swim Team. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Joseph Johnson swims during the Makos Swim Team practice at the O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Najma Nasiruddin-Crump and her husband, Joshua Crump, signed up, too. His daughter Kaia Collins-Crump, now 14, had told them she wanted to join the Makos team the first time she saw it. But among the three of them, no one knew how to swim.

Joshua Crump, 38, said he initially felt silly at the lessons, then started to get the hang of it.

“I don’t swim well enough to beat any of the children in a race,” he said with a chuckle.

Nasiruddin-Crump, 33, said she was terrified the first time she jumped in the deep end. “It is the only moment in my life outside of birthing my children that I’ve been afraid of something,” she said. “But once you do it, it’s freedom. It’s pure freedom.”

Mahoganny Richardson, whose daughter Ava is on the team, volunteered to teach more Makos parents how to swim.

She said the work starts outside the pool with a conversation about a person’s experiences with water. She has heard stories about adults who were pushed into pools, then told to sink or swim. Black women were often told to stay out of the water to maintain hairstyles that would swell if their hair got wet.

Bradlin Jacob-Simms stands with her daughter, Karter, at the O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18. Through the Black Swim Alliance, Jacob-Simms is taking swim lessons and Karter is competing on the Makos Swim Team. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Karter Simms swims during Makos Swim Team practice. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Bradlin Jacob-Simms is learning to swim with instructor Mahoganny Richardson almost 20 years after her family survived Hurricane Katrina. Hundreds drowned in the storm. “That’s the reason why swimming is important to me,” she says. “A lot of times, us as African Americans, we shy away from it. It’s not really in our schools. It’s not really pushed.” (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Bradlin Jacob-Simms, 47, decided to learn how to swim almost 20 years after her family survived Hurricane Katrina. She evacuated the day before the storm hit but said one of her friends survived only because that woman’s brother was able to swim to find help.

“If it wasn’t for him, they would have died,” she said, noting that .

“That’s the reason why swimming is important to me,” she said. “A lot of times, us as African Americans, we shy away from it. It’s not really in our schools. It’s not really pushed.”

Makos swimmer Rocket McDonald, 13, encouraged his mom, Jamie McDonald, to get back into the water and stick with it. When she was a child, her parents had signed her up for swim lessons, but she never got the hang of it. Her dad was always leery of the water. McDonald didn’t understand why until she read about a race riot at a pool not far from where her dad grew up that happened after St. Louis desegregated public pools in 1949.

Jamie McDonald and son Rocket attend a Makos Swim Team practice. Rocket encouraged his mom to take swimming lessons. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

“It was a full-circle moment,” McDonald said. “It all makes sense now.”

Now, at 42, McDonald is learning to swim again.

Safety is always a priority for the Makos team. Coach T makes the athletes practice swimming in full clothing as a survival skill.

Years ago, as a lifeguard in Kansas City, Missouri, Coach T pulled dozens of children out of recreational swimming pools who were drowning. Most of them, she said, were Black children who came to cool off but didn’t know how to swim.

“I was literally jumping in daily, probably hourly, getting kids out of every section,” Goodwin said. After repeated rescues, too many to count, she decided to offer lessons.

Swim lessons can be costly. The Black Swimmers Alliance aimed to fund 1,000 free swim lessons by the end of 2025. It had already funded 150 lessons in St. Louis. But when the group looked for grants, the alliance scaled back its goal to 500 lessons, out of caution about what funding would be available.

It’s still committed to helping Black athletes swim competitively throughout their school years and in college.

Years ago, as a lifeguard in Kansas City, Missouri, Terea Goodwin pulled dozens of children out of swimming pools who were drowning. Most of them, she says, were Black children who came to cool off but didn’t know how to swim. So, she started to offer swim lessons. Today, she is known as Coach T, coaching the Makos Swim Team and teaching adults how to swim in North St. Louis. (Cara Anthony/��ϳԹ�� News)

The Black Swimmers Alliance logo is seen on a shirt during practice at the O’Fallon Park Rec Complex on March 18. The group formed in 2023 with the goal of “bridging the gap in aquatic skills” for families of color. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

Most of the time, the Makos swimmers practice in a YMCA pool that doesn’t have starting blocks. Backstroke flags are held in place with fishing wire, and the assistant coach’s husband, José Preciado, used his 3-D printer to make red, regulation 15-meter markers for the team. Once a week, parents drive the team to a different YMCA pool that has starting blocks. That pool is about 5 degrees warmer for its senior patrons’ comfort. Sometimes the young swimmers fuss about the heat, but practicing there helps them prepare for meets.

Parents said white officials have frequently disqualified Makos swimmers. So some of the team parents studied the rules of the sport, and eventually four became officials to diversify the ranks and ensure all swimmers are treated fairly. Still, parents said, that hasn’t stopped occasional racist comments from bystanders and other swimmers at meets.

“Some didn’t think we’d make it this far, not because of who we are but where we’re from,” Goodwin has taught the Makos swimmers to recite. “So we have to show them.”

And this spring, Richardson is offering lessons for Makos parents while their children practice.

“It’s not just about swimming,” Richardson said. “It’s about overcoming something that once felt impossible.”

Jamie McDonald (right) takes a swim lesson with another Makos Swim Team parent, Reggae Anwisye, during their children’s practice. McDonald’s son encouraged her to take lessons. (Michael B. Thomas for ��ϳԹ�� News)

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Can I Opt Out of Having My Doctor Take Notes With AI?

Cara Anthony — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: AI scribes are changing medical care. Here’s what to know if the technology shows up at your next doctor’s appointment.

“I can really just sit there and engage and just focus on them and listen,” said Boose, who .

Nearly a third of physician practices are using AI scribes and others are working to add the tool, in an effort to cut down on administrative work.

If your practitioner suggests using an AI scribe at your next appointment, here are three things to keep in mind:

1. Clinicians should ask for your permission.

2. AI scribes make mistakes too, so check their work.

Like other AI tools, medical scribes can “hallucinate,” or spontaneously add errors into a record. AI scribes can also omit important information or miss context clues within a conversation.

3. Yes, the AI company could use your data, with limitations.

If you want to know how your data is being used, ask either your practitioner or medical system for more information. But you might not get a clear answer, Tahir said.

People and Policy

Emily Siner at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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Taking a GLP-1? Doctors Say Not To Forget About Movement and Mental Health

Cara Anthony — Thu, 26 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Taking a GLP-1? Doctors say don’t forget to move your body and tend to your mental health, too.

Severe ankle pain drove Jelon Smart to start taking a weight loss injection a year and a half ago.

The appetite suppression resulted in her shedding pounds quickly, at first.

“I lost 30 pounds initially without changing anything,” said Smart, 48. But then she found herself unable to shed additional pounds.

Here’s what to know.

The Old-School Rules of Weight Loss and Health Still Apply

Jelon Smart, from Savannah, Georgia, lost 110 pounds after starting on Ozempic — but only after starting an intensive workout regimen, too. (Christopher Smart, Jennifer Davis)

Mental Health Matters, Too

Work With a Doctor To Closely Monitor Your Dosage

People and Policy

Katherine Ruppelt at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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Even With Dental Insurance, You Still Could Face a Large Bill

Cara Anthony — Mon, 23 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Your dental insurance might not cover what you expect.

Russell Anthony made eight trips to the dentist last year. The 65-year-old retiree in Nashville, Tennessee, hopes to go less often in 2026, but he’s already made a few visits.

In all, Anthony — uncle of HealthQ host Cara Anthony — expects to pay about $2,000 for dental care this year, even though he has dental insurance.

“Trying to weigh the cost of when to go to get dental care and paying for it, versus the other needs that I have, is something that’s very important,” Russell Anthony said.

Here are three things to know to better understand your insurance plan and keep your dental costs as low as possible:

1. Even With Dental Insurance, You’ll Have To Pay for Procedures

2. Facing a Big Dental Bill? You Have Options

It might feel uncomfortable to talk about finances directly with a dentist, but it’s helpful to be up-front about what you can afford.

If you need a lower-cost alternative, consider looking into dental schools, which often offer discounted care, or , which use sliding scales based on a patient’s income.

3. Seeing Your Dentist Regularly Can Help Keep Costs Low

Sarah Olim, a general dentist in Katy, Texas, encourages her patients to come in for visits every six months.

“The best thing that you can do to mitigate the cost of going to the dentist is make sure that you are going regularly and trying to take care of things early,” she said.

People and Policy

Emily Siner at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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Is It Worth Your Time and Money To Set Up an HSA?

Cara Anthony — Mon, 16 Mar 2026 09:00:00 +0000

LISTEN: Is it worth it to set up a health savings account? HealthQ has answers.

When Mike McKee thinks about saving money for the future, he has a few priorities. Maxing out his retirement is one. Building up his kid’s college fund is another.

Opening up a health savings account? Not so much, even though he qualifies because of his high-deductible health plan.

Here’s what to know about how they work and when they’re worth it.

Like a Tax-Free Investment Account for Medical Expenses

The Admin Work of an HSA Can Be a Real Barrier

People and Policy

Katherine Ruppelt at Nashville Public Radio contributed to this report.

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If You’re Pregnant and Uninsured, Medicaid Might Be Your Answer

Cara Anthony — Tue, 03 Feb 2026 10:00:00 +0000