How do you fix a problem if you don鈥檛 know its size?
Many states 鈥� including some that have been hardest hit by the opioid crisis 鈥� don鈥檛 know how many of their youngest residents each year are born physically dependent on those drugs.
Pennsylvania is one of those states. , head of Pennsylvania鈥檚 Department of Human Services, calls the information he鈥檚 working with 鈥渞easonably good.鈥�
鈥淒ata is never pristine when you鈥檙e dealing with 2.7 million people,鈥� he said. 鈥淒o I think it gives you a good picture of the issues that are out there? Yes.鈥�
Between 2013 and 2014, about 3,700 babies on Medicaid in Pennsylvania were born with neonatal abstinence syndrome, Dallas said. The statistics show that 31 died before their first birthday 鈥� and neonatal abstinence syndrome likely played a role in at least some of those deaths.
But it鈥檚 not all the data Dallas would like to have. The statistics are two years old, he said, and only deal with babies who are covered by Medicaid, the government鈥檚 health insurance for the poor and disabled. That鈥檚 just a slice of Pennsylvania鈥檚 nearly 13 million people. More comprehensive, statewide numbers, he said, would have to come from Pennsylvania鈥檚 Department of Health 鈥� and that agency isn鈥檛 keeping track.
With more complete information, Dallas says, the state would be able to better deploy resources as it tries to solve a health problem that鈥檚 getting worse. With the right resources, there is an upside to this aspect of the opioid crisis: Babies with neonatal abstinence syndrome who get the right care usually do recover. But their care is expensive, and takes time.
鈥淭hese babies are very work-intensive,鈥� said聽, who works in the neonatal intensive care unit in Pinnacle Health鈥檚 Harrisburg Hospital. 鈥淥ur nurses are on the front lines; they have to deal with the minute-to-minute symptoms.鈥�
Cuddling or rocking the babies nearly nonstop is key to successful treatment, Wolf said, along with adjusting medication doses frequently in the first 48 hours of the child鈥檚 life, to wean these newborns off opioids with as little discomfort as possible.
Each infant鈥檚 stay in the hospital can stretch past two or three weeks, and can cost $10,000 or much more. Then the babies need follow-up visits.
Pediatricians say that if the right agencies get real-time information, the babies are聽, and it鈥檚 more likely that hidden roots of the epidemic can be identified and addressed.
To make good decisions, health officials need basic information: Which infants are affected? How many, where, and why?
Pennsylvania might look to Tennessee鈥檚 tracking efforts. Tennessee reacted quickly when doctors started seeing a lot more cases of neonatal abstinence syndrome in 2012, recalled聽, a pediatrician and public health specialist with the Tennessee鈥檚 Department of Health.
鈥淲e were hearing from hospitals across the state, that they were really, really full,鈥� Warren said, 鈥渁nd in some cases, bursting at the seams.鈥�
It鈥檚 now mandatory for doctors and hospitals to report cases of neonatal abstinence syndrome within 30 days, and Tennessee made it simple for them to do so.
鈥淚f you鈥檝e ordered from Amazon or an online service and you鈥檝e been able to do that, you can navigate this system with ease,鈥� Warren said. 鈥淎nd truly, at the end of it, you click 鈥榮ubmit鈥� and that case is reported to us at the Department of Health.鈥�
The data that started rolling into Tennessee shattered a number of stereotypes, Warren found.
鈥淚 think sometimes there鈥檚 a tendency to say these are just those moms who are using illicit drugs or buying those drugs on the street,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut what the surveillance system has actually allowed us to see, is that, in the majority of our cases, Mom is getting at least one substance that is prescribed to her by a health care provider.鈥�
As a result, the state alerted doctors to the issue, recommending they try to change their prescribing habits, and more often offer alternatives to opioids, especially to pregnant patients. The evidence-based shift in prescribing recommendations only came about because health officials had solid data they could share.
In the majority of our cases, Mom is getting at least one substance that is prescribed to her by a health care provider.
When a public health crisis emerges, real-time data are especially important. Policymakers can use the information just as Tennessee did 鈥� to tailor solutions to the root causes. Otherwise solutions may miss the mark, or, if the data are old, come after the problem has festered and grown.
Pennsylvania Department of Human Services Secretary Ted Dallas acknowledged his state is missing out.
鈥淚f we had better data, generally, my theory would be we could make better decisions,鈥� he said.
Just as I was wrapping up this story, Pennsylvania鈥檚 health department called. Starting in July, officials there plan to start collecting data about all babies who are born dependent on opioids.
The system to collect the information is still being developed, but neonatal abstinence syndrome will be added to the Pennsylvania鈥檚 list of , meaning that every time doctors diagnose a baby with the condition, they鈥檒l be required to the state.
This story is the fourth聽in our four-part series, 鈥淭reating the Tiniest Opioid Patients,鈥澛燼 collaboration produced by Kaiser Health News, NPR and聽local NPR member stations.