During his first administration, President Donald Trump鈥檚 top health officials gave North Carolina permission to use for social services not traditionally covered by health insurance. It was a first-in-the-nation experiment to funnel health care money into housing, nutrition, and other social services.
Some poor and disabled Medicaid patients became , including security deposits and first month鈥檚 rent for housing, rides to medical appointments, wheelchair ramps, and even prescriptions for fresh fruits and vegetables.
Such experimental initiatives to improve the health of vulnerable Americans while saving taxpayers on costly medical procedures and expensive emergency room care are booming nationally. Without homes or healthy food, people risk getting sicker, becoming homeless, and experiencing even more trouble controlling chronic conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.
Former President Joe Biden encouraged states to go big on new benefits, and the availability of social services exploded in states red and blue. Since North Carolina鈥檚 launch, have followed by expanding social service benefits covered by Medicaid, the health care program for low-income and disabled Americans 鈥� a national shift that鈥檚 turning a system focused on sick care into one that prioritizes prevention. And though Trump was pivotal to the expansion, he鈥檚 now reversing course regardless of whether evidence shows it works.
In Trump鈥檚 second term, his administration is throwing participating states from California to Arkansas into disarray, arguing that social services should not be paid for by government health insurance. Officials at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, which grants states permission to experiment, have rescinded its previous , arguing that the Biden administration went too far.
鈥淭his administration believes that the health-related social needs guidance distracted the Medicaid program from its core mission: providing excellent health outcomes for vulnerable Americans,鈥� CMS spokesperson Catherine Howden said in a statement.
鈥淭his decision prevents the draining of resources from Medicaid for potentially duplicative services that are already provided by other well-established federal programs, including those that have historically focused on food insecurity and affordable housing,鈥� Howden added, referring to food stamps and low-income housing vouchers provided through other government agencies.
Trump, however, has also proposed axing funding for low-income housing and food programs administered by agencies including the departments of and 鈥� on top of Republican proposals for broader .
The pullback has led to chaos and confusion in states that have expanded their Medicaid programs, with both liberal and conservative leaders worried that the shift will upend multibillion-dollar investments already underway. Social problems such as homelessness and food insecurity can cause 鈥� or worsen 鈥� physical and behavioral health conditions, leading to sky-high health care spending. Medical care delivered in hospitals and clinics, for instance, accounts for only roughly 15% of a person鈥檚 overall health, while a staggering 85% is influenced by social factors such as access to healthy food and shelter for sleep, said Anthony Iton, a policy expert on .
Health care experts warn the disinvestment will come at a price.
鈥淚t will just lead to more death, more suffering, and higher health care costs,鈥� said Margot Kushel, a primary care doctor in San Francisco and on homelessness and health care.
The Trump administration announced in a that it was rescinding Biden-era guidance dramatically expanding experimental benefits known as . Federal waivers are required for states to use Medicaid funds for most nontraditional social services outside of hospitals and clinics.
Last month, the administration told states that these services, which can also include high-speed internet and storage units, should .
Future waiver requests allowing Medicaid to provide social services 鈥� a liberal philosophy 鈥� will be considered on a 鈥渃ase-by-case basis,鈥� the administration said. Rather, it has signaled a conservative shift toward requiring most Medicaid beneficiaries to prove that they鈥檙e working or trying to find jobs, which puts an estimated Americans at risk of losing their health coverage.
鈥淲hat they鈥檙e arguing is Medicaid has been expanded far beyond basic health care and it needs to be cut back to provide only basic coverage to those most desperately in need,鈥� said Mark Peterson, a health policy expert at UCLA. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e making the case, which is not widely shared by specialists in the health care field, that it鈥檚 not the job of taxpayers and Medicaid to pay for all this stuff outside the traditional heath care system.鈥�
Although states have not received formal guidance to end their social experiments, Peterson and other health policy researchers expect the administration not to renew waivers, which typically run in five-year intervals. Worse, legal experts say programs underway could be halted early.
Evidence supporting social investments by Medicaid is still nascent. An expansion in Massachusetts that provided food benefits , for instance. But often,
California is going the biggest, investing $12 billion over five years to provide , from intensive case management to help people with severe behavioral health conditions to through a . The most popular benefits provided by health insurers are those that help homeless people on Medicaid by placing them in apartments or securing beds in recovery homes, covering up to $5,000 for security deposits, and preventing eviction.
Since the launched in 2022, it has served only a small fraction of the state鈥檚 Medicaid beneficiaries, with . Yet it has improved and even saved the lives of some of those lucky enough to get help, including Eric Jones, a 65-year-old Los Angeles resident.
鈥淲hen I got diabetes, I didn鈥檛 know what to do and I had a hard time getting to my medical appointments,鈥� said Jones, who lost his housing this year when his mom died but received services through his Medi-Cal insurer, L.A. Care. 鈥淢y case manager got me rides to my appointments and also helped me get into an apartment.鈥�
California is considering making some of its social services permanent after the CalAIM waivers expire at the end of 2026. Gov. Gavin Newsom鈥檚 administration is adding more housing services, including up to six months of free rent under a third waiver approved by the Biden administration. Medi-Cal officials contended early evidence shows CalAIM has led to better care coordination and fewer hospital and ER visits.
鈥淲e are fully committed,鈥� , a deputy director for the state Department of Health Care Services, which administers the program. 鈥淲e have invested so much.鈥�
Health insurers, which deliver Medicaid coverage and receive greater funding to cover these additional benefits, say they鈥檙e worried the Trump administration will end or curtail the programs. 鈥淚f we do things the same old way, we鈥檙e just going to generate the same old results 鈥� people getting sicker and health care costs continuing to rise,鈥� said Charles Bacchi, president and CEO of the California Association of Health Plans, which represents insurers.
Industry leaders say the expansion is already changing lives.
鈥淲e believe wholeheartedly that housing is health, food is health, so seeing these programs disappear would be devastating,鈥� said Kelly Bruno-Nelson, executive director of Medi-Cal for CalOptima Health, a health insurance provider in Orange County.
Oregon is low-income Medicaid patients with a range of , including home-delivered healthy meals and rental payment assistance. Residents for air conditioners, heaters, air filters, power generators, and mini fridges. State Medicaid officials say they remain committed to providing the benefits but worry about federal cuts.
鈥淐limate change and housing instability are huge indicators of poor health,鈥� said Josh Balloch, vice president of health policy and communications at AllCare Health, a Medicaid insurer in Oregon. 鈥淲e hope to prove to the federal government that this is a good return on their investment.鈥�
But even as the Trump administration curtails waivers, it is retaining discretion to provide social services in Medicaid, just on a smaller scale. Supporters say it鈥檚 fair to scrutinize where to draw the line on taxpayer spending, arguing that there isn鈥檛 always a direct health connection.
鈥淲e鈥檙e seeing these things increase, with the free rent, and we鈥檙e seeing some states pay for free internet, paying for furniture,鈥� said Kody Kinsley, who previously served as North Carolina鈥檚 top health official. 鈥淲e know there鈥檚 evidence for food and housing, but with all of these new benefits, we need to look closely at the evidence and the linkage to what actually drives health.鈥�
Current North Carolina officials say they鈥檙e confident the new social services Medicaid provides in their state have resulted in better health and lower overall spending on expensive and acute care. Medicaid recipients there can even use the program to buy farm-fresh produce.
While it鈥檚 too soon to know whether these experiments have been effective elsewhere in the United States, early evidence in North Carolina shows promise: The state had saved a year into its experiment 鈥� operating in mostly rural counties 鈥� by reducing ER trips and hospitalizations.
State health officials also touted the economic benefits of driving business to family farms, home improvement contractors, and community-based organizations providing housing and social services.
鈥淚 welcome the challenge of demonstrating the effectiveness of our programs. It鈥檚 making for healthier people and healthier budgets,鈥� said Jay Ludlam, deputy secretary for North Carolina鈥檚 Medicaid program. 鈥淔amily farms that were on the verge of collapse after Hurricane Helene are now benefiting from a steady income while they also serve their community.鈥�
This article was produced by 黑料吃瓜网 News, which publishes , an editorially independent service of the .听