BUTTE, Mont. 鈥 Steve McGrath stood in an empty lot a block from his home watching for dust.
In this southwestern Montana city nicknamed 鈥淭he Richest Hill on Earth,鈥 more than a century of mining left polluted soil and water that has taken decades to clean.
But at that moment, looking across the road toward Butte鈥檚 last operating open-pit mine, McGrath was worried about the air. 鈥淗ere comes another truck,鈥 McGrath said, pointing to a hillside across the street as a massive dump truck unloaded ore for the mine鈥檚 crusher. A brown cloud billowed into the air. 鈥淎nd there鈥檚 the dust.鈥
In the Greeley neighborhood, where McGrath lives, many people have a hard time believing the air they breathe is safe. A two-lane road separates the roughly 700 homes from the Continental mine, an open-pit copper and mine operated by Montana Resources.
Residents have received assurances that the level of particulate matter in their neighborhood isn鈥檛 hazardous, but some doubt those standards protect human health. People breathe in particles all the time, but the size, abundance, and chemical makeup determine whether they鈥檙e dangerous. Now, the Environmental Protection Agency is evaluating whether its threshold for the density of harmful particulate matter should be lowered, saying it .
McGrath, 73, grew up in Butte and has long been one of the voices in the neighborhood asking whether the dust that settles on his roof and car includes a dangerous mix of toxic metals. 鈥淚s this a health concern?鈥 McGrath said. 鈥淲e鈥檝e never gotten a really satisfactory answer.鈥
For years, the company and the state Department of Environmental Quality have collected air samples in the neighborhood. The results have been consistent: Pollution levels don鈥檛 warrant alarm.
Montana Resources established a monitor to track metals in the air around Greeley, and an independent review found , which the state health department backed. However, additional studies, which government and mine officials have often bucked, have indicated potential problems 鈥 such as , including aluminum and copper, in the area and traces of arsenic and lead in the ground 鈥 and called for more testing.
This year, the nonprofit advocacy group Montana Environmental Information Center asked a contractor to review the data that Montana Resources and DEQ collected. Ron Sahu, the mechanical engineer who did the review, said not enough research has been done to determine conclusively whether the mine is harming Butte residents. According to Sahu, the data had multiple shortcomings, such as time gaps. He also said that one air-monitoring station may miss harder-hit areas and that the risk to residents of prolonged exposure to the dust is still unknown.
On a recent night in Butte, Sahu presented his findings to mine officials, representatives of the state, a local health advisory committee, and a handful of Greeley residents. State health and environmental quality staffers repeated what has been said before: All the recorded emissions meet federal standards.
Even so, Sahu said, the pollution levels exceed the public health safety recommendations made last year by the World Health Organization. For example, the EPA鈥檚 maximum annual average for the finest particles is a concentration of , while the . From 2018 through 2020, the Greeley air-monitoring station recorded annual averages that range from more than 7 to nearly 10, according to Sahu鈥檚 review.
The EPA is studying whether to lower its 12-microgram standard and expects to release any .
In the meeting, resident Larry Winstel said he didn鈥檛 care about the data. He held up a square sheet of plexiglass covered in dust. 鈥淭his is what’s on my picnic table,鈥 he said. 鈥淭his is three weeks鈥 worth. How much of this is being deposited over a year?鈥
The manager of environmental affairs for Montana Resources, Mark Thompson, said the company goes beyond what鈥檚 required to mitigate dust. He said it uses 240-ton trucks to water the mine鈥檚 gravel roads and air filtration systems to trap particulate matter.
Thompson said he agrees more must be done to determine whether air in Greeley is unsafe and, if so, why. 鈥淚f there is a problem in that community, I want to know about it,鈥 Thompson said. 鈥淢y son, my daughter-in-law, and my two baby granddaughters live a block from the main gate of the mine.鈥
Butte became a gold and silver mining camp in the 1860s, and people traveled from around the world to work in the city. The area was the battleground of the Copper Kings in the 1890s as mine owners raced to extract the metal used to feed the country鈥檚 growing electrical infrastructure and manufacturing industry.
People who grew up in Butte and nearby didn鈥檛 often question what the presence of mines or smelters meant for their health. The extractive industries offered good jobs. Many are proud their city helped electrify the nation and produced as much as a third of the world鈥檚 copper supply during its heyday.
Atlantic Richfield Co., which bought the Anaconda Co., shut down the Butte mines in 1982. Butte and a stretch of the Clark Fork River, where the mining waste washed downstream, were designated a federal Superfund site in 1983. A few years later, Montana Resources began operating, and its jobs helped steady the town鈥檚 population at about 30,000. The cleanup of the historical lead, arsenic, and other contaminants continues today.
The boundary of that work borders the Greeley neighborhood to the west, while the Continental mine cups the neighborhood to the northeast. Some residents worry the mine鈥檚 operations add another layer of harm.
鈥淚 know about the air-monitoring station down here and that they say it doesn鈥檛 pick up anything dangerous,鈥 said Bob Brasher, who has a view of the Continental mine from his front yard. 鈥淏ut I don鈥檛 see how it couldn鈥檛 when we have those days and you look out here and you can see the dust blowing this way and settling.鈥
Just down the road, Haley Rehm said she didn鈥檛 think about the dust until a recent test of her 2-year-old son鈥檚 blood found elevated lead levels. The cause isn鈥檛 clear 鈥 toxic metals can be ingested in multiple ways. But the mine鈥檚 proximity prompted Rehm to test her home for lead; she was still waiting for the results in May.
People often speculate that local cancer cases are linked to the area鈥檚 mining past and present.
Jeanette Cooksey, 70, can鈥檛 remember a time she wasn鈥檛 worried about the dust. It has especially been on her mind since she was diagnosed with stage 4 uterine cancer two years ago. 鈥淚 have to wonder if living in this neighborhood my whole life has something to do with it,鈥 Cooksey said.
A state health department the incidence rate for cancer from 1981 through 2010 wasn’t elevated in Silver Bow County compared with the rest of the state.
Not everyone is worried. For some people, even talking about potential health effects equates to an anti-mine mentality.
Al Shields rolled his eyes when asked whether the dust concerned him and nodded toward his clean trucks, saying they hadn鈥檛 been washed for days. 鈥淲hat people don’t understand is if the mine goes, Butte is done,鈥 he said. 鈥淚f you don鈥檛 like it, leave.鈥
Montana Resources employs 380 people and is a significant source of tax revenue. Those pushing for more research into the mine鈥檚 effects and what can be done about the dust have said they aren鈥檛 trying to close the operation. 鈥淲e want a clean and healthy environment,鈥 said Ed Banderob, with the Greeley Neighborhood Community Development Corporation Inc.
When Butte鈥檚 health advisory committee meets again in the fall, the state will share the air-sampling data it has collected in the hopes that staffers can answer lingering questions. Meanwhile, Montana Resources hopes to set up more air-monitoring equipment around the neighborhood by the end of the year.
