When Sam Mazaheri was 9, he was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. That means Sam鈥檚 body makes little or no insulin, a hormone that turns food into energy.
鈥淎ll of a sudden I had to manage everything he was going to take, including the insulin,鈥� said Sam鈥檚 mom, Nasim Mazaheri.
It was frightening, she said, and it felt like bringing home a newborn all over again.
鈥淚f I give him too much, it can actually kill him, or if I don鈥檛 give him enough, it will eventually kill him.鈥�
Nasim and Ali Mazaheri, Sam鈥檚 dad, didn鈥檛 sleep much, scared of the worst-case scenario.
Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition that can be managed with medication. But without insulin, the body can no longer move glucose from the blood into the cells and, eventually, will stop working. More than 1 million people in the U.S. have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes, according to a from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The Mazaheris, who live in Irvine, Calif., say adjusting to their new normal was tough for the whole family.
Sam, now 14, began wearing an insulin pump attached to his stomach. The pump is a computerized device that is programmed to deliver small doses of the hormone. He also had a separate glucose monitor on the back of his arm that beeped when his insulin levels needed attention.
Sam had to learn to count carbs and pay close attention to his food intake so he could calculate how much insulin he needed at mealtimes 鈥� a lot for a 9-year-old to manage.
Sam and his father, Ali, have lunch together at home in Irvine, Calif.(Heidi de Marco/KHN)
Plus, Sam was tethered to his parents. The first few months, they needed to stay close to track his glucose levels and make the appropriate corrections.
鈥淚 was checking on him constantly throughout the night,鈥� Nasim said.
Sam was a sound sleeper and wouldn鈥檛 hear the beeping of the alerts in the middle of the night. Worried, Nasim eventually moved into Sam鈥檚 room and slept in the bed with him.
Frustrated and fed up, Sam鈥檚 dad 鈥� who works at Microsoft 鈥� decided he could use his tech skills to make his son鈥檚 life more manageable.
Ali discovered an online community of people also looking for ways to live better with diabetes. After scouring Twitter and networking with others in the tech industry, he stumbled onto something called 鈥渓ooping.鈥�
Using instructions freely available online, do-it-yourselfers 鈥� who belong to what鈥檚 known as the 鈥渙pen-source community鈥� 鈥� close the loop between an insulin pump and a continuous glucose monitor. It creates a new system that connects the two separate devices, allowing them to talk to each other with the help of a transmitter, and deliver insulin to the body automatically. They call that 鈥渓ooping.鈥�
Sam tracks his glucose levels on his phone with the help of an open-source code called Open Artificial Pancreas System (OpenAPS), known in the diabetes community as 鈥渓ooping.鈥� (Heidi de Marco/KHN)
Sam uses a continuous glucose monitor on the back of his arm.(Heidi de Marco/KHN)
The system sends commands based on frequent glucose readings, adjusting Sam鈥檚 insulin throughout the day.
Looping works only on older-model insulin pumps because the wireless technology is different on newer pumps. So Ali scoured the internet and found a few on Craigslist for about $600 each.
鈥淭here was a black market,鈥� he said.
Ali and Nasim are able to monitor Sam鈥檚 glucose levels using their smartphones and smartwatches, no matter where he is.
That first time he tried it out on Sam, Ali said, there was one more sleepless night.
Ali, the interim director at the Microsoft Technology Center in Irvine, Calif., monitors his Type 1 diabetic son鈥檚 glucose levels on his smartwatch using a DIY looping system. DIY systems combine insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), with open-source software to deliver different doses of insulin.(Heidi de Marco/KHN)
The closed-loop concept began with people who were frustrated that there aren鈥檛 more ready-made, commercial options. And some people have rallied around the hashtag #WeAreNotWaiting to express their impatience for better health-data innovations to manage their diabetes.
Looping advocate , who lives near Seattle, says she knows of about people experimenting with looping to control their diabetes.
In 2015, Lewis was one of the first to provide open-source code to others online. Now people go to her website, , for step-by-step instructions.
The Mazaheris have been looping for four years and Ali says they haven鈥檛 had any issues.
Nasim checks 14-year-old son Sam鈥檚 glucose levels on his phone before he heads out to tennis practice.(Heidi de Marco/KHN)
But in May, the Food and Drug Administration issued a .
鈥淯se of unauthorized devices could result in inaccurate glucose level readings or unsafe insulin dosing, which can lead to injury requiring medical intervention or death,鈥� it said.
An FDA spokesperson said the warning was issued after the agency received a report that a patient using an unauthorized device experienced an accidental insulin overdose that required medical attention.
Endocrinologist Dr. Irl Hirsch said several of his patients use looping systems to manage their diabetes.
鈥淭o date, the patients I鈥檝e cared for who are looping have done amazingly well,鈥� said Hirsch, who is with the Diabetes Institute at UW Medicine in Seattle.
But Hirsch has his own warning.
鈥淚 tell my patients who do this, it has to be at their own risk. There isn鈥檛 a pump manufacturer that will take care of them if something goes wrong, and I can鈥檛 be held responsible if there is a problem,鈥� he said.
The FDA also wants people to be aware that certain are susceptible to cybersecurity risks. The FDA said there are no documented cases, but it鈥檚 possible that someone other than a patient could change a pump鈥檚 settings wirelessly.
Those warnings haven鈥檛 deterred Ali Mazaheri, who said looping allows Sam to be independent and just be a kid.
There is an FDA-approved that closes the loop between an insulin pump and blood sugar monitor, and similar devices in the pipeline. But open-source users say they鈥檒l continue to program their own devices because that gives them more flexibility to personalize their diabetes management.
While at tennis practice, Sam wears a fanny pack around his waist that holds his insulin pump, cellphone and a credit-card-sized device that transmits commands to the pump.(Heidi de Marco/KHN)
Sam starts high school in September. He鈥檚 an amazing tennis player and an avid collector of Star Wars memorabilia. He also wears a SPIbelt around his waist, a fanny pack that holds his insulin pump, his phone and a credit-card-sized device that transmits commands to the pump.
鈥淣ow the pump won鈥檛 go off in the middle of the night as much as it did,鈥� Sam said.
These days, his blood sugar is almost always in a healthy range.
This story was produced by聽, which publishes聽, an editorially independent service of the聽.