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Group healthcare costs are expected to rise 9% in 2027 as Americans use more services. The growing use of expensive drugs, the proliferation of mental health issues and reimbursement pressures will drive healthcare cost inflation, according to a Thursday report from consultancy PwC. Researchers spoke with actuaries at 27 health insurers that cover 103 million employer-sponsored members and 8 million Affordable Care Act enrollees to forecast healthcare inflation. (Kacik, 6/11)

US companies plan to charge more for employee health plans next year, as soaring drug prices drive up insurance costs. Two thirds of large companies expect to raise monthly premiums for employee health coverage through paycheck deductions in 2027, according to a survey of businesses with at least 500 employees by benefits consultancy Mercer. And about half (48%) of employers say they will make other changes, such as raising deductibles and copays, that will increase how much workers pay out of pocket for care. (Rogers, 6/11)

One year of home care now costs more than twice the average retiree's annual Social Security benefits, and costs are growing much faster than inflation, according to an AARP analysis shared first with Axios. (Goldman, 6/11)

Buried in the fine print of Obamacare regulations, the Trump administration is floating a novel idea for those who can’t afford to shell out tens of thousands of dollars in out-of-pocket medical costs. Why not borrow the money from your health insurance company? In the dense 1,121-page final rule issued last month about how the Affordable Care Act market will operate next year, the administration suggested that insurers consider offering loans to cash-strapped customers. (Abelson, 6/11)

���ϳԹ��� News’ ‘What The Health?’ Podcast: The Drip, Drip, Drip Of Declining Coverage

When Congress failed to extend the covid-era enhanced subsidies for the Affordable Care Act, many experts predicted millions of people would lose coverage because they would be unable to make payments toward the higher premiums. It has taken a few months, but that prediction seems to be coming true. (Rovner, 6/11)

Brandon, who lives in Rockwell, North Carolina, is worried that new Medicaid work requirements starting next year could jeopardize her health coverage. She had expected to qualify for a medical frailty exemption, but new guidance introduced by President Donald Trump’s administration last week has thrown that into question. The interim final rule released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services means being sick with extreme exhaustion and memory challenges related to her treatments may not be enough for Brandon to evade the new work requirements. She will have to attest and later prove that those symptoms “significantly impair” her ability to fulfill the mandates. (Swenson, 6/11)

���ϳԹ��� News: Final Rules For Medicaid Work Requirements Are Out. Here’s What You Need To Know

The Trump administration has issued final rules on how states should ensure that millions of Medicaid enrollees prove they’re working or completing other activities, such as job training, volunteering, or being enrolled in an educational program. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services released the rules on June 1. That deadline was set last year in the GOP tax-and-spending law known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which established a work requirement for certain people enrolled in Medicaid, the state-federal health insurance program for people with low incomes or disabilities. (Whitehead, 6/12)

Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on Wednesday slammed a New York Times report alleging that some say he appears to be “checked out” from official duties during department meetings and has surrounded himself with political appointees who share his viewpoint. In a post on social platform X, Kennedy said his day-to-day actions are publicly available on his calendar and pointed to an unspecified “unprecedented list of accomplishments” as proof of his success as HHS secretary. (Fields, 6/11)

Health secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on Wednesday pointed to his “publicly available calendar” as an example of his commitment to transparency and to beat back unfavorable reporting. But no such calendar, detailing who Kennedy meets with or how he spends his time, has been released by the administration. (Cirruzzo and Payne, 6/11)

President Donald Trump calls Chris Klomp “a real star.” Democrats say he’s Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s babysitter. A health tech entrepreneur, Medicare director and Trump drug-price negotiator, Klomp has overseen all Department of Health and Human Services operations since February, part of a shakeup in which he was promoted, while the former deputy secretary, Jim O’Neill, was pushed out. (Paun, 6/12)

A pledge to “Make America Healthy Again” earned Robert F. Kennedy Jr. his job atop U.S. health agencies a year and some change ago. He’s now had the opportunity to turn his words into action, with mixed results. (Cueto and Parker, 6/11)

When Michigan State University researchers anonymously surveyed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staffers, 99% of respondents said that federal policy changes, dramatic reductions in staff and programs, and unstable or leadership have hobbled the agency’s ability to respond to a pandemic or other public health emergency—and 95% think Americans will die as a result. In total, 624 workers (433 still in their positions, 191 who quit) responded to the survey from February to April. (Van Beusekom, 6/11)

Fruit-flavored e-cigarettes recently authorized by the Food and Drug Administration were not significantly better at helping smokers quit than tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, according to a new memo that’s likely to stir more questions about the agency’s decision. The FDA last month gave its first OK to fruit-flavored vapes — essentially endorsing them as a less-harmful alternative to traditional cigarettes. The decision came despite the agency’s longstanding position that such flavors appeal to children and must show extra health benefits to warrant approval for adults. (Perrone, 6/11)

A Defense Department spokesman said there was “no hazard” present at the iconic Pentagon building after an air-quality alert earlier on Thursday prompted a shelter-in-place order for part of the iconic building. “Earlier this morning, Pentagon occupants were notified of a potential air quality issue, prompting immediate precautionary safety measures and evaluation,” Pentagon spokesman Sean Parnell said in a statement on Thursday afternoon. “Subsequent testing confirmed no hazard exists, and normal operations have resumed.” (Capaccio, 6/11)

Federal charges against two virologists have sparked public outcry among scientists concerned about NIH researchers being targeted by the Trump administration. Last week, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced charges against Vincent Munster, PhD, and Claude Kwe, PhD, alleging the pair had transported undeclared inactivated mpox (or monkeypox) virus on a flight into the U.S. and made false statements to federal law enforcement about doing so. (Henderson, 6/11)

Alongside their annual criticisms of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ annual pay rate increase for inpatient care, hospital groups are pushing the agency to reconsider a mandatory nationwide test of an episode-based payment model rolling out for most hospitals next fall. (Muoio, 6/11)

Fewer healthcare organizations are filling chief medical or nursing officer roles, while interest is rising for leaders focused on artificial intelligence. Regardless of position, however, executive recruitment firms say clients are being more cautious about their hiring selections. Along with job-specific competencies, they’re looking for emotional intelligence to help navigate industry hurdles. (Davis, 6/11)

Nurses left their primary jobs at nearly double the rate between 2018 and 2022, rising from 13% to 24%, according to a University of Michigan study published in Medical Care. (Gooch, 6/11)

Every time a paramedic walks into a hospital and hands off a patient, Jonathan Washko, assistant vice president at the Northwell Health Center for Emergency Medical Services and SkyHealth, notices something: The emergency room workflow is usually structured. But once a patient gets admitted, the coordination often dissolves. Nobody is running the whole show. (Ruder, 6/11)

Workplace violence against healthcare workers remains a persistent problem nationwide. Several states have passed or introduced new or expanded legislation in 2026 aimed at protecting hospital workers, from prevention planning requirements to weapons prohibitions. (Kuchno, 6/11)

At this week’s annual meeting of hospital finance leaders, the exhibit hall was packed with dozens of billing and collections companies. Armed with candy, tote bags, and pens, they smiled at passersby, eager to explain why their tactics would extract the most money from health insurers. (Bannow, 6/12)

Amgen Inc. has engaged an independent academic organization to reevaluate data for a rare disease drug that US regulators are trying to pull from the market. The Duke Clinical Research Institute is reviewing study results that were used to approve the medicine, called Tavneos, Amgen said in a letter to the Food and Drug Administration that was posted online Thursday. That review began in February, according to the letter dated June 1. (Swetlitz, 6/11)

In a rare move, nonprofit organization Blood Cancer United announced Thursday it was buying the remaining supplies of Luvelta, a discontinued investigational cancer drug. (Chan, 6/11)

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has started taking emergency measures against New World screwworm after the dangerous parasitic infection was detected in cattle in the country for the first time in decades. The Atlanta-based CDC activated a formal emergency response on Thursday after interim leader Jay Bhattacharya signed off on the plan, according to an internal document viewed by Bloomberg News. The move means the public health agency is assembling a team of career scientists to closely monitor the outbreak and coordinate with local health departments. (Nix, 6/11)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) today issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for a generic drug, nitenpyram, to treat New World screwworm (NWS) in dogs and cats. Nitenpyram, the first generic animal drug authorized for use against screwworm,  can be used in animals who weigh at least two pounds and are at least 4 weeks old. ... The FDA has issued 10 EUAs and three conditional approvals for drugs to combat NWS, a number that could grow as drugmakers submit additional applications. (Szabo, 6/11)

A sixth case of New World screwworm has been confirmed in a Texas calf. It’s the second calf in La Salle County, Texas, to become infested with the parasite that threatens wildstock with larvae that burrows deep into the tissue of its inhabitant, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Officials in the Lone Star State have been working with their federal counterparts to drive out the screwworm, which was eradicated from the U.S. in 1966. (Fields, 6/10)

Florida health officials are pushing back at quarantine guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for passengers from the cruise ship MV Hondius exposed to the deadly Andes hantavirus. One American who was on the cruise ship says she’s stuck in the middle and unable to leave federal quarantine. (Edwards and Vespa, 6/11)

The Virginia Department of Health issued a health advisory Wednesday as the measles outbreak in Buckingham County continues to grow. There have been 89 confirmed cases reported as of June 11. Health officials suspected community transmission in May when the outbreak started with a dozen cases. None of the infected individuals had reported recent travel, indicating that the virus is spreading locally. (Schabacker, 6/12)

The U.S. passed 2,000 measles cases last month, a stunning total for a disease that was considered wiped out 25 years ago. Although a Florida outbreak from earlier in the year has slowed, cases are still popping up on the online reportable disease database from the state Department of Health. A Polk County resident between age 35 to 39 was the only measles patient reported from May 31 to June 6, according to the latest weekly update by the Florida agency. (Mayer, 6/12)

Berkeley health officials are widening their response to a rare, rat-borne disease after confirming the city’s first known human cases in more than a decade. One person died and another was hospitalized after contracting leptospirosis, a bacterial disease commonly spread through the urine of infected animals. City officials said both infected people were living in a severely rat-infested RV about a mile from a northwest Berkeley encampment where the disease had previously been found in rats and dogs. (Vaziri, 6/11)

The acting director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) denied Wednesday that the Trump administration’s cuts to foreign aid negatively impacted the global response to the ongoing Ebola outbreak. Dr. Jay Bhattacharya said on NewsNation’s “Elizabeth Vargas Reports” that he has “never met a more competent, committed group of professionals” than the CDC teams addressing the outbreaks of Ebola and hantavirus. “I’ve seen no evidence at all that any cuts that have happened … have impacted our ability to address these outbreaks,” Bhattacharya added. (Rego, 6/11)

Jay Bhattacharya, interim head of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, met with the Democratic Republic of Congo’s World Cup team, a sign of goodwill as their homeland grapples with an Ebola outbreak, according to a person familiar with the matter. Bhattacharya and other CDC career scientists from the public health agency met the team and its national delegation in Houston on Thursday. (Nix, 6/11)

The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) is urging member states to strengthen border exit screenings in light of the growing Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Analysis from the Africa CDC Emergency Consultative Group (ECG), an independent advisory body to the Africa CDC, said the 11 countries most at risk for Ebola and those bordering the DRC should enhance surveillance but not institute travel bans. (Soucheray, 6/11)

Authorities are unable to determine the true extent of the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo because emergency workers can’t find all the missing contacts of patients infected by the virus, Africa’s top health official said. Congo reported 676 confirmed cases and 136 deaths as of June 10, the National Institute of Public Health said. The outbreak has spread into three additional health zones pushing the total number of affected regions to 29 from 26, the institute said in the report on Thursday. (Ghosh and Furlong, 6/12)

The Senate Armed Services Committee rejected a provision in the annual defense policy bill that would have expanded coverage of fertility services for military members and their families, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), according to Sen. Tammy Duckworth (D-Ill.). “All my provision seeks to do is provide our troops with the same access to IVF that all Members of Congress already have. After everything our troops sacrifice for our nation, they should never have to sacrifice their dreams of building a family,” Duckworth, who was the sponsor of the provision, said in a statement. (Weixel, 6/11)

New data released Thursday suggest the prevalence of drinking during pregnancy increased in recent years. National survey data published in a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report show about 15% of adult pregnant women reported current drinking (use in the prior 30 days) between 2021 and 2024. About 13.5% of women reported the same between 2018 and 2020. (Cueto, 6/11)

Planned Parenthood’s Northwest affiliate is suing Alaska to challenge the state’s ban on telehealth abortion. In a lawsuit filed Thursday in Alaska state court, Planned Parenthood Great Northwest, Hawaii, Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky said the state’s requirement that patients seeking medication abortion must be seen in person violates Alaskans’ constitutional right to abortion. The organization is seeking a preliminary injunction to put the ban on hold while the lawsuit is agued. (Weixel, 6/11)

When scientists at Columbia University announced they had used a newer technology to precisely edit the genes of human embryos last week, they set the academic community ablaze with debate. Is this good news or bad? How fast will this move? And more philosophically: Where does medicine end and eugenics begin? The results of the new study, first reported by The New York Times, showed that a technique called base editing meticulously swapped out individual letters in an embryo’s genome, altering genes linked to fetal hemoglobin production, cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease. (Baumgaertner Nunn, 6/11)

For more than a decade, Dr. Joseph Mercola cautioned parents against a potentially lifesaving shot of vitamin K for their newborn babies: “Vitamin K shots are completely unnecessary for your newborn.” But now, in a break from his past warnings, Mercola is saying he no longer believes that. (Eldeib, 6/12)

During the first five years of life, more than half the calories a growing child consumes go to fueling the massive construction project inside their cranium. Building a brain — all the neuronal connections that form memories, store language, perceive the world, control bodily movements — is an energy-intensive act of singular creation. (Molteni, 6/11)

Federal inspectors found no evidence that ByHeart Inc.’s infant formula production process caused a botulism outbreak that sickened dozens of babies, according to a new report that pointed to contaminated ingredients as a more likely culprit. The inspection report posted Thursday by the US Food and Drug Administration examined the Iowa factory where ByHeart’s formula was made. The report said it’s more likely raw ingredients were the source of the outbreak than the manufacturing equipment and storage practices of the Blendhouse facility in Allerton, Iowa. (Edney, 6/11)

A New Mexico judge on Thursday dismissed a lawsuit that challenged the state’s universal childcare program, allowing the ambitious and closely watched experiment to continue. Attorneys for former Republican gubernatorial candidate Duke Rodriguez and other plaintiffs had questioned the process used by Democratic Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham’s administration to eliminate an income cap and co-pays for childcare assistance before the Legislature had a chance to weigh in or approve funding. (Peters, 6/12)

Gov. Gavin Newsom announced Thursday he is deploying $46 million in voter-approved funding to help clean up the chronically contaminated Tijuana River at the California-Mexico border. ... The United States and Mexico signed an agreement last year to clean up the longstanding problem by upgrading wastewater plants to keep up with Tijuana’s population growth and industrial waste from factories, many owned by U.S. companies. (Pineda, 6/11)

���ϳԹ��� News: 1 In 4 Covered California Enrollees Could Get State Aid Under Newsom Proposal

When Congress allowed covid-era subsidies for health insurance to expire, California used its own funds to offset the hike in Obamacare premium costs for residents with low incomes. But the reach has been limited. As Gov. Gavin Newsom negotiates his last budget with the legislature, the Democrat wants to offer financial help to more than 1 in 4 enrollees in Covered California, the nation’s largest state-run health insurance marketplace. Democratic lawmakers, who hold a supermajority, are still debating the plan. (Mai-Duc and Fortiér, 6/12)

Lartey Solomon spent his workdays caring for patients and his free time explaining health issues online, where followers knew him as “Nurse Solomon.” Now, the 33-year-old registered nurse, father and health content creator is being remembered by relatives and supporters after he was fatally shot May 31 in downtown Oakland. (Vaziri, 6/11)

A new report argues that Louisiana’s future population and economic growth depends on increasing investments in healthcare services and passing policies that address health disparities. According to U.S. Census Bureau data, the state’s population has largely declined since 2020 as more people leave the state. ... Researchers from Tulane University’s Newcomb Institute say these changes are happening alongside “persistent health burdens” — including high maternal mortality and premature death rates — that hurt well-being and economic opportunity. (Parker, 6/11)

After decades of pollution, Brunswick residents have a new resource for researching the link between area Superfund sites and their health. A five-year, $15 million grant from the National Institutes of Environmental Health (NIH) has been awarded to Emory University to examine how environmental contaminants affect human health, following a 2023 pilot study involving approximately 100 Glynn County residents, according to the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health. (Gibbs, 6/11)

Northwestern Memorial Hospital officials met with Streeterville residents Wednesday night and said they have worked to address concerns about the hospital’s proposal to build a 1.2 million-square-foot tower on a vacant lot. (Rogal, 6/11)

A federal lawsuit filed Thursday challenges a new Illinois law set to go into effect in September that would allow doctors to prescribe medication to terminally ill people to end their own lives. (Gorner, 6/11)

Drivers navigating Miami’s busy streets are doing a double-take this week, courtesy of a massive public health blitz timed to coincide with the FIFA World Cup. Capitalizing on the large crowds flooding Miami to watch soccer, the AIDS Healthcare Foundation has rolled out safe-sex billboards with giant soccer-themed condoms. (Goodman, 6/11)

When today’s teenagers and young adults are struggling emotionally, some are turning not only to friends, family members and therapists but also to artificial intelligence. Nearly 1 in 5 adolescents and young adults have used AI chatbots for advice or help when they felt upset, nervous or anxious, according to a new study published June 1 in JAMA Pediatrics. (Hetter, 6/11)

A new study finds that flu shots were associated with moderate protection against the virus during the 2024-25 flu season. People vaccinated against influenza that season were 40% less likely to test positive for flu than unvaccinated people, according to a study of more than 1.1 million Californians. (Szabo, 6/11)

A chemotherapy-free regimen was safe and effective in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), according to results from a prospective study. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate among all 114 patients in the study was 99.1%, reported Franco Locatelli, MD, PhD, of IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome, during a session at the European Hematology Association annual congress in Stockholm. (Bassett, 6/11)

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) supplementation modestly slowed the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) for patients in the placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial. (Lou, 6/11)

A specific gut microbe could help with long-term weight loss goals. New research published in the journal Nature Medicine tested whether a pasteurized (not live) gut bacterium called Akkermansia muciniphila MucT could help people keep weight off after losing it. (Stabile, 6/11)

Neuroscientist Miia Kivipelto’s life’s work has been about preventing dementia. Now, at 52, she has begun thinking more about her own vulnerability. “Midlife is the time,” said Kivipelto, a neuroscientist who recently joined the Yale School of Nursing as the inaugural director of its Center for Aging Well in New Haven, Connecticut. “It’s the last best chance to lower risk.” (Eunjung Cha, 6/11)

While isotretinoin (Accutane) is an incredibly effective acne medication, the intense side effects lead some patients to microdose the medication off-label. Isotretinoin is a very concentrated form of vitamin A that shrinks the sebaceous glands, reducing oil production, and is most often prescribed for acne, explained Raman Madan, MD, a dermatologist with Northwell Health in Glen Cove, New York, in an interview with MedPage Today in which a press person was also present. (Robertson, 6/11)

On my second visit with Nancy Wexler at her Manhattan apartment, she had a gift for me. It was a copy of her newly published memoir, “My Life, My Science: Pursuing a Cure for Huntington’s Disease.” It had been signed with a stamp of her signature — she isn’t able to sign it herself. Nor could she rise from her brown faux-leather recliner to greet me — she can’t get up unassisted. Speaking requires effort. She can manage at most a few badly slurred words or phrases or, with great difficulty, a short sentence. (Kolata, 6/11)

Want a long and healthy life? Then you might want to follow the example of Italy’s Emma Maria Mazzenga. But following her won’t be easy. Almost 93, Mazzenga may be the fastest female nonagenarian on Earth. She holds the 90-to-94 age-group world records in the outdoor 200 meters and the 60-, 200- and 400-meter indoor events. When she set the 200-meter outdoor record of 50:33 in 2024, she bested the then-world benchmark by more than a second. She’d set that record, too. As a world-class sprinter, her primary competition these days is herself. (Reynolds, 6/10)

For most of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, he kept a secret. He was partially blind in his left eye. It was only when he was out of office that he revealed the injury and how it came about: During a boxing match. In the White House. On Sunday, the White House plans to host “UFC Freedom 250": Fourteen fighters will pound each other in seven separate bouts in a 5,000-seat arena that has been erected on the South Lawn. (Muldoon, 6/9)

After Jesse Ridgway, a popular YouTuber, and his wife, Ashley, revealed the news, death threats followed. (Salhotra, 6/6)

Erica Frazier Stum walked down the aisle in a sleeveless white wedding gown covered in lace and tiny beads. She wore a double-stranded pearl necklace, dangling pearl earrings, and teal and purple shoes. And she was completely bald. (Szabo, 6/8)

“I’ve got what?” Michael Whelan stared at his doctor for what felt like hours. He couldn’t believe what he was hearing. Whelan saw the doctor once a month to help manage arthritis pain in his neck and back. Now, his doctor was talking about the results of a recent scan. Whelan, then 66, was expecting to hear about his joints. Instead, Whelan heard the doctor explain that the scan showed a suspicious mass on the right side of his throat, which might indicate cancer. Whelan almost fainted. (Szabo, 6/9)

When Jennifer Simpson was diagnosed with cervical cancer, she hadn’t been screened for the disease in 25 years. “I always thought, ‘there are 50 other things I could be doing right now,’” said Simpson, who lives in Birmingham, Alabama. She didn’t have a primary care provider, and relied on urgent care clinics when she was sick. Simpson didn’t see the point in annual checkups, believing, “if there was something wrong with me, I would know it.” Six years ago, a doctor finally persuaded her to be screened for cervical cancer.“ (Szabo, 6/10)

Childhood leukemia, a likely death sentence when I was a medical student, is now survivable for most children. Cancer immunotherapy is extending life for many who would have died a decade ago. New technology is letting us repair genetic diseases at their source. The same American scientific research enterprise that produced these breakthroughs also gave us GPS, the modern semiconductor, and the early architecture of the internet. (David J. Skorton, 6/12)

Somewhere in Connecticut right now, a kid is raising their hand in math class, trying out for the varsity soccer team, or arguing with their parents about their bedtime. Their parents are doing what parents do; they’re showing up at their soccer games, helping them with their homework, and staying up too late reading about whether a recent cough is just a cough. (Alice Miller and Marie-Fatima Hyacinthe, 6/11)

For more than 30 years, nurse practitioner Marcy Markes has cared for patients in intensive care units and small-town clinics across Missouri. She holds degrees from the University of Missouri and runs an allergy and asthma clinic in Columbia. Missouri has a serious health care access problem, and its residents would be better off if experienced providers like Markes were free to provide the care they are licensed to give. Instead, a state law requires nurse practitioners to contract with a physician, which by some estimates can cost an average of $7,000 per year. The price tag for Markes to practice? $50,000 a year. (Donna G. Matias, 6/10)

There is a seductive fantasy being floated by AI executives that all the efficiency their products will bring us will lead to humans finally returning to their essential, best selves. Picture it: when this day arrives, we’ll spring from our chairs, push aside our keyboards and, supposedly, do all things we’ve been meaning to do: hike, cook and finally take a pilates class. (Manoush Zomorodi and Keith Diaz, 6/11)

Ebola can be called the disease of compassion: It “spreads through acts of care” like tending to a sick loved one and burying those who died of the disease. It is also a disease in which mistrust, misinformation, and fear run rampant, leading to attacks on health care facilities and frantic efforts to recover bodies of Ebola victims. (Olivia Wilkinson and Katherine Marshall, 6/12)